    / John Frederick Charles Fuller 
   1939-1945 .    
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  " ": militera.lib.ru
:  ...,    1939-1945 .    . - .:  , 1956
: J.F.C. Fuller, The Second World War 1939-1945. A Strategical and Tactical History. - London, 1948
  : militera.lib.ru/h/fuller/index.html
: 
 :   (http:{www.220641.nm.ru)
OCR, , : Hoaxer (hoaxer@mail.ru)

   ..   ..   : J.F.C. Fuller, The Second World War 1939-1945. A Strategical and Tactical History. - London, 1948

[1]   .    .
{1}    .     .

 :                  .          .      ,     .





     .  . 
    


 .  

1.    
2.   
3.  
4.  
5.       

 .    ;     

1.  
2. - 
3.  
4.    
5.  
6.   

 .   - 

1.      
2.  
3.    
4.    
5.    
6.    

 .  ;    

1.  
2.    -    
3.      
4.      - 
5.         

 .   

1.   
2.   
3.   
4.    1941/42 . 
5.    1942 .   

 .   

1.   
2.       
3.      
4.        
5.    
6.       1942 - 1944 .
7.   

 .     

1.     1940 - 1944 . 
2.   -      
3.            4.       1942/43 .

 .     

1.  
2.   
3.      1943 . 
4.      1944 . 
5.     
6.    1944 . 
7.     1944 - 1945 .  
8.  -      

 .      

1.         
2.    
3.    1944 .
4.      
5.      1945 .
6.    

 .       

1.  
2.  
3.      
4.     1943 - 1945 .
5.      

 .   

1.   
2.    
3.    

 I.    


     

   . . .     .      ,      .           "   1939 - 1945 .    "*.   ,                .             .  .                 .  , ,       . , ,      ,         ,      .          .

* * *

  " ".   .      ,   .       ,       ,   .           " "  .      ,       .         ,      . , , " ", " ", " ".

           .      .        -    .

         ,      .                .                  .

  ,      ,        "  ",      ,    22  1941                     . ,          ,           ,   "  ".  ,   ""      .

    - ,      . ,      ,    ,               .         . , ,       1941 ,  ,  "  ,      ,        ,  ,        ,  ".     ,    -    19  1941       ,     ,          ,   ,          ? "  .  -    , -       ". ,    ""     -   ,                .

 ,    ,      ,           -     . 1941 .

   "  "                       1942   .   .    1942    .  "    , , , "  "        ",  "   ...     ,     ",       .    ,   ,  "    ,     ".  ,  , "    ".

              ,    -,     ,    ,          ,        .

    ,  ,         "".   .            ,     ,  .       .     ,  ,    ,   .       :          .

  ,       ,     . , ,     : "     ,      ,              ,     ".         " "      .

          , ,  ,      .           ,  ,     "30   ".

           ,     ,      .         .

 ,  ,     .      ,       

   ,                     ,              .  ,                   .

- . , 
  .

* . . . . "   1939 - 1945 .".   , . 1956 . 550 .

   

             .                .

.             ,     - .  1915 .     .           .          -       .  1926 .  -     ,  1927 . -   ,  1929 . -  .      -.

   ,           ("On Future Warfare", "The Reformation of War", "War and Western Civilization", "The Dragon's Teeth"  .),       ,             ,    . , , ,                        .

 20-            "  ",   .    (  ,  [6]     ,   ,    )   " "  .     ,                       ,   ,         .

        ,   ,    , ,   ,       , ,   ,   ,      ,           .      ,     ,          .

,  ,        .  ,     ,  60 - 100 .    2 . , 400       , ,      ,     ,           .     :     ,  .              .  ("The Dragon's Teeth").

             " ".              ,        ,     .     -   ""        ,       . [7] 

, ,    ,       ,      .       ,   ,         ,   ,      .      ""     ,  ""        . ,  "  - ",   -       ,     ,  .

    ,  ,   ,    1948 .,       " ",  -          ,   .

  "  "     ,                          .

            ,         ,                   .

, ,  ,             .             - ,   -     - .

          ,    , [8]            .   ,   ,   ,   ,         - . ,  ,   22  1941 .           121 ,      190  .

    ,     ,           ,         . , ,   , ,     ,      ,          .     ,           .

  ,     ,        -   ,       .      " ",   " ".       "   ".   ,            ,      ,   .

       ,            .             ,          - ,        . , -,      ,       ,    .

  ,  " ",     ,   [9]       ,         .

            ,        ,      ,           .

                        .

   ,          .          ,       .   , ,       ,          ,           .        .                .

        " "  .

   ,           " "  " ",       .       ,   ,    " " (" ")   "   "      (" ").

    ,         . [10]                1  1939 .              1941 .                    -   .             .

           1939-1940 .       1939 .,     ,  "    ".      ,         ,          .        -      ,   .       ,       ,        -   .           ,   .       17  1939 .   -        .

             ,   "   ".        , , ,         ,      -  ,   .             .     ,    .                  , [11]    ,      -  1940 .,     .

 1940-1941 .     ,          " "                   .             -       "".

    "  - ".             ,     .   ,    "  ",              ,  ,             .  ,     ,    ,   "  ",    "" .

,            " ". , ,        -     "  "       .       ,          ,           .

            .            "  ",           .     ,      [12] ,   ,   -  ,        .

   ,       .   -    "  "  .  ,         ,               .  ,           ,      ,      ,       -  "  ".

      " ",     1927 .      " ",        ,     .   ,            .

                 1942 .          .          .      ,  ,         ,  "    ,         ".       ,       "  ",     "     ".

  - "  " -          ,               12 - 14 ,    .    ,           ,   [13]    ,            ,            -       .

     "40- ",           -   .         .    ,         .          ,   .

       ,          1941/42 .,                 ,      .       ,           ,       .

 ,  ,  "  ",     -   ,   , ...   -   1942 .  -  (?!).

         -   -  1942 .

  " "       ,         -        1942 .

 "" -    ,        , ,   ,   ,  .

  ,  "  ",   ,   -   [14]                  .

                              -   .           -    ,    ,     ,     .   ,             ,         (?!).

                ,        ,     ,   .  ,  "         ...     ".           - .               .

      ,         .

,            - ,     8-    - ( ),   -      ,         -   .

     -,    "   ,    ".      -  1942 .         , [15]       ,   -   ,      -, ,     ,    -,        12-14    .

  -            - .                   .           ,         -.          -,   ,        330-  - .

        ,     , ,       , -          .       .

      - ,                 - .

       ,  ,     "".            -  ,  .            -     .         .        1942 .                    [16]        .  ""                      .

              ,    . , ,        ,    ,    ,   ,   -          .

           . ,        , -,            ,        ,      .

  ,  "   ",         ,      - ,        .                         -     ,       -       .

   -    ,       ,     -      .

 ,  -     1943 .     ,          . [17] 

   -   1943  1944 .   ,   .  ,   ,      -  1943 .,   -  1944 .        1943 .      1944 .      ,        -   ,       ,     .

           . , ,  -      -  " "      (?!).

 ,  "    ,      ,             ,     ".      ,              "" .

       -      1944 .   ,              .         ,   :                   .   ,    ,         -       , -  , ,          1944 .             1944 .    . [18] 

, ,       -    .

,  -             .        - ,  -     .

      ,                   .

  ,  "     ",    -    ,    ,       - ,         -   1944 .,    1945 .           ,    .

    ,      : "  -  ".        -   1943 .,         -   1944 .         ,     .

       ,       ,      ,        .       ,       .          400  700 . .         .       -    . [19] 

       .   ,  ,   . - ,       16  1944 .,    100-110 . -       .        . 6  -         .             -   .

12           1200-     .     -      6-   ,     ,             - .

       -    20  1945 .        -    .

          ,  " 1 ...   "  - .

      ,      ,     .    -   -  ,  ,    ,    .

  "      "   ,        ,  .            ;       .     : "    ". [20] 

                ,           .             .

   ,                .        1945 .       -   -        ,          .                .     ,                   ,   .      , -             1946 .

          .                  .

 , ,    "  ",      ,  " "  "  ".   ,     ,         ,            .            .  ,            [21] "" ,     ,     .       ,       .         ,           .       , "  " ,           , - ,    .

       -  .

     ,      .                      ,        ,          .       ,      - ,   ,                 .         .

. . [22] [23\




          . -,        ,    . ,        , ,  ,     .   ,                (               )   ,   - ,        ,    ,   .       ,            ,         .      ,     ,     .  ,       ,     ,        ,   ,    .     ,           -              ,               ,      .    ,      , ,  ,  ,   [24]    ,    ,    ,    . , , - .  ,         ,       ;        ,         .

    .     .       : 1)    ; 2)     ; 3)     ; 4)   ,         ,  ,       "  ".       ,       .       - ,    ,        .      ,      .         ,             .       ,         .               .           - ,             ;        ,     -  .  ,   ,      ,        , -    .   .  "  ".    1941-1943 .,   - 1944-1945 .    "".            ,      .      -     , [25]      ,  ,       ,    .      : 1)  ,   ,   ,       ,          .   ,           ; 2)     ,               . ,       ,  ,        , -  .  ,  ,             .

   ,    ,       ,   ,     .      ,  .             1919 .,         1939 .   ,    ,     ,         ,      ,        ,           ,        . , ,   ,           ,     .         ,   ,   .  ,    ,        ,      ,    .    ,        . [26] 

  ,   ,     ,  ,     ,    ,    .   ,     ,    ,     .       ,         .             -,     .  1914 .             . , ,  , ,          ,     ,      ,    ,       ,       .  , -, .

      ,       .          ,         ,   -  .            ,   .       - "". ,     ?   1940 .  ,    143  ,     - 65,     32  15.      ,    169  71  ,   34  18.   ,  ,      .      . 27      1940 .

       ;    .    ,     .  "     1914 - 1920 . "   1914 - 1918 .   :    - [27] 19,94%,  - 66,29%,      13,77%.     3,3   0,7   .  ,    1:3:1. ,    ,    10 .,      50 .          20%   ,     , ,   ,   ,   250 . .                ,       750 .          .   , , "  ",       200 .       .    ,  ,         15 . ,          ,   .


  - 
,  
  
15 
183
32
76
18 
155
36
71
31 
94
32
39
2 
66
23
34
7 
100
26
40
15 
185
43
56
27 
153
38
55

936
230
371

     ,    ,  , . ,       , , ,    [28]  ,     ,  , , ,          ,     ,    ,         , ,     ,      .

. . 
1  1947 .
\29] [30] 

  .  

1.   

"  28  1919 ., "La journee de Versailles"{1}, -      "    1919.",  -     ...      .    : "Le roi gouverne par lui-meme"{2}.     ,    ...           . "Faites entrer les Allemends!"{3}, -  ...    .    . "Messieurs, la stance est ouverte"{4}, -         . "      ..."  -           ,    ...  ...      .   ,      -   - ... " ", -  .  -  .

   ,   ,     .        , -  .

   ,     : ,  ,    . ,    . ,    ,   .          .   . "Oui, [30] c'est une belle journee"{5}, -  .      .

Ma       .

"En etes-vous sure{6}?, -   . "Pas du tout"{7}, -    "{8}.

            .      , ,   , ,            ,       .   ,        ,  ,        11  1918 .    ,                        ,    .

  : 5  1918 .        ,           .     .  ,    ,          ,         ,    ,     ?   .    . , 5       ,   ,    "          ,      8  1918 . ( ),     ,     ". [31] 

"     ,     ,   , -     (  ). -       ,       "     ". ,   ,      ;           ,   ,     .         ,           ;       ,        ,        "{9}.

    .  ,     , , -,   ,     ,    -,       , -,       , -,      .   . , "                 "{10}.

        ,      - ,     "   " : "       :   ,     ,     ,     ,   ; , ,       ...    [32] : Etiaim diabulus aulutur (     ).   ,     ,   ,        "{11}.      .     3  1919 .: 

"            .    .     ,      .      . ,     ,         ,  , -,     , -,    ,               .        "{12}.

 ,          .

  ,  , "        , ,   ,         .      :

 -  ,  -  , 
   .

          ;      [33]        ,  ..."{13}.

  :

"     ,       ;           .   ,     ,     ,  ,  ,     ,     ,  ,   ,        .

          -       .         ,     :     ,     "{14}.

   ,         ,     .

    ,      , ,    . 25  1919 .      ,  "       ,     ".   : 

"     ,       ,   -      , ,      ,          1919 .,   ,  [34]     ...   ...       ,     ;     ,   ,         ...   ,    ,      .

                ,    ,    .           ,   ,             ,     .              ,          ,     .        2100 .      , ,         ,      ,              "{15}.

   .         ,        .     ,         ,       .

      ,    :         ,  11  1923 .  .       .

    ,      .    ,  , [35]  , " ".     : " ,  ,          -   , ,   ,    ".   ,  . , ,  "     - ,    ...         ".  " " : "           ".    "  " : "           ...       ,       - ,   ,  , ,  ,      ,          ".

     ,          .                     .   1923 .       , ,   , 9  -    .          .         ,           . 16  1935 .       ; 7  1936 .    ; 13  1938 . -  ;      -    ; 13  1939 . -   ,  21  1939 .               .

     .  ,        [36]      .    ,    2 .     "          ".

   .         : "        ,          , ,    {16}       10       .    ,   ,       .

    ,             ...     ,      :         .           ...          ".      , " []         ,   , ,     ,     "{17}.

   ,   ,   21  1939 .,    .     - ,        , 31          .  : "       ,       ,      [37]        "{18}.

    ,     1939-1945 .,        ,       .  - , ,      ,    -  .

  1  1939 .    ,             .

2.   

         . -  ,  "    ,   ,   ".  ,  "       ,    ,   "{19}.

     1914 .     ,             .        ,    .      ,  ,  ,  ,     .       [39]     ,                ,       .    ,       ,       .         ,      .     ,    {20}.

           ,           . ,       ,      ,    . ,     , ,    ,      ,     {21}. [39] 

      ,  ,       .                   ,         -   . ,     .     XIV              .   ,     {22}.

      ,  1919 . -,   ,    .         .             ,       ,         ,          . -       .     1923 .,    .               ,    {23}.

       ,      1913 .,        ,                 :      ,  ,   [40]    ,        ,   .       ,     -.       ,          .   ,   1925 .    ,    1931 .      ,      ,        .

       ,        .  ,     ,       -  .   ,     ,       , ,   -    ,     {24}.     , ,    1939 .  ,       ,   -    ,   ,   ,                   -       ,     [41]     .         ,       .          ,     ,     {25}.

3  1939 .,    ,         - .     ,  ,    ,   ,       ,       .           .   . - : " ,     ,        ".  ( ): "   ,         ".  ( ):"...   ,    ,   -,          ,     ". ,  (): "     -   - .    ,       ,   ,     "{26}. [42] 

 ,             "",           {27}.   ,   ,      ,          ,      400  ,         .

     ,  , ,     ,   ,   , ,   .     ? -  ,   . ,   :      ,      .              .

   ,           ,        .

               XVII    1934 .:

"    ?    ,               ,      , , ,        ,    .        ,  [43]      -   -  .  ,       "" ,  ".

 1939 .    . 24  1939 . "" : 

"     ,    .         ...      ,   ... ...                ".

 " " .     : 

"  ""       , ,   ,    ,    :     ,        ".

,              "" ,     .  10  1939 .  XVIII  ,  : "           ,     ".

      ,       ;           ,      ,            ,    .   ,        .

  ,               .  ,    ,       .      ,   6   .        ,         [44]            .

         ,          ,         ?    14-    "Mein Kampf".      " "    ,   ,    : "    ?".

     ,  "        ,          ".  ,           ,      ,  .        ,   ,              .

  ,          1914 .,        . "            ".     ,  " ,      , ,  ,    ".   1914 .    .       .

  ,  : "       ,     ,      .               ,   .      .             ,       ,             .       ,  [45]  ,          . ,    ,     .     ,   .                      ,        ".

  ,  ,      "        ... , -,        ,     .                   ".

    : " ,        ,             .         ".

3.  

           (    ),      ,         . ,                   ,        .       : ,   ,      ,  :     ,       .

  ,        - .    , ,      ,   [46]   .    ,                     .      ,  ,     .      ,         ,     ,    -      .

  ,         , -  ,    ,         ,     ,     .

                ,               ,               .     ,        ,    () .

     . ,  1588 .,     ,     4,5 . .  1702 .,     ,   ,    5475 .       6467 .   1800 . -  8892 . .      ,    ,   ,     .

    1914 .              .  ,         1919 .     , ,        ,      [47]     ,            .    1939 .,    ,                ,         ,      .     .

 ,   ,    Lebensraum{28}    . ,        ,     :   ,   ,       .   ,      ,   . ,    ,           .  ,     .         ?

      ,      ,                  .      , ,      ,       .

   ,        ,    ,   ,       .      ,    -          -         ,         . ,     ,   "Geschichte der Kriegskunst" ("  "),      :  [48]  , -      .      (Niederwerfungsstrategie)    (Ermattungs-strategie).       ,     -      : ,  ,    .         .

  ,             ,              ,     ,        .

 1914 .,       ,          ;           ,       . ,  ,      .  ,          ,  "          ".   ,       . " , -  , -   ,        ,          "{29}.

   ,  ,    ,     .      .      ,    ,    ,         .      ,            ;  , [49]           .

            ,   ,       ,          .         .                ,           .      . : "    ,          ". : "  ,      ...     -    ,   ".         ,           ,      . "   ,   -   ,             ,  "      ".   ,      ,  ,             . , "    ,    .            ,   ,        ,     .             ".

   ,             .   -  1918 .    .     . " ,       ,  [50]       .       ,      .         ,            .          ,     ".

  ,  ,       ,     ,        ;              .    :      ,  -         ,      ,     "      ,       ".

", -  . , -           .       ,      .   1918 ., ,     ,          .        ,         .             .    ,     .      ,      ,   ,      ,             .      1918.    ,       -      .       :   [51]     ,     ".

  ,  ,        ,       ,  1939-1945 .    1914-1918 .       ,                  .          ,     ;     ,     ,           .       ,    ,   .         ,      . ,       ,     .          ,  ,      ,  ""    ,  .

   ,       .      ,   {30},          .    -   ,   ,     -       .

          .   ,     "  ",    ,     ,  ,   [52]    ,         : ,   .

,             .        ,           ,      .      ,      :   ,   ,      ,      .  ,      ,    , ,      ,    ,      .  ,               ,        ,        .

  ,       ,           .

4.  

      ,     ,   ,       ,    -   .          ,      . , ,    :  -    ,  - ,  - .           .     .   -  , -   ,  ,   ,    -  [53]   -     :   ,   . , ,       :   .        ,    .

 1914 .       .         ;         . ,     :              .        ,      ,     : 

1)             ; 

2)       ,           ;

3)         ,         ; 

4)        ,  ,        ,      -     .

      1917 .        .      ,   ,     .      ,         .              -    .

  ,   1918 .,   .      500 ,      5 ,   -  15 .      ,    -   ,   . , [54]    ,       ,        :      ,    .      ,      {31},    .    ,     ,       .     -  .                 ,          ,   .   ,  ,             .

           1919 .{32},     ,       1918 .         1939 .,  ,   ,    ,  "".

    ,    ,      ,   .   ,       .       ,           .

    " "     .             "  ".  : "   ,     [55]    -;   ,     ,         ,     ,       ,      .

  ,         ,        ,      ,     .          .

   , ,       ,       ,       ,        -  .

,    ,            -  ;  ,  ,        ,        ,      ,       .      "{33}.

  ,       ,         ,       .           :   ,      ,  .        : "       ,      ,       , -  ,     ,      [56] . , ,      ,            .    ,        "{34}.

,   ,  : " ,     ,        10, 20, 50     .   ,     ,    ,         ,    .          ?       ?     ?            ,          ,    ?            .

        10, 20, 50 ,            ,    ,      ?

   ,    ,       ,   ,    , ,     ,     .

 ,    ,      ,   -   "{35}.

    ,    . ,           [57] .          ,           .

    ,          .    ,       ,        -     ,       ,  .        " ".   ,       ,   -   .   ,      ,        .       ,    ?

           1933 .       .         :            .   1918 .     - :    ,   ,     -  -    .

  ,  , ,    ,         ,       .      ,   ,  ,         ,   ,          ,   . -        ,               . [58] 

   ;      -,  ,         .    ,     ,   ,    ,     .     -     ,             .

      ,           -  ,     ,       ,   ;   ,      . ,   - ,      ,          ,     ,      .     ,     ,     .

     ,   1933 .          , ,     ,   ,     : ,     . " ,     ,      1914 , -  . -        ,   ?       ...    ,   .    .      .      "{36}.

  1926 .,       "Mein mpf",       ,     ""  "  [59]   "{37}.           .     ,          Lebensraum  ,       .                 .

          .         :        ,      ,  ,  .  : "  ,    , , ,   ?..    , -   ...     []  ,            "{38}.

          : 

"             ,    ,       .      ,  ,    ,       .

   ,       .     .   ,  , ,  -   ...

   , , ,    .     .       .  ,  .            ,    ,  . [60] 

   ,      ,    ,    .     ... ,  .     .      "{38}.

    : 

"      ,     ,    .        ,     ,    ,     :         "{39}.

    ,        ,        .          ,           1939-1945 .   ,         ,    ,    ,       .

5.    

     ,    (), , ,       , , ,        :  ,  , .       :     .        ,    ,              ,    ,    .     ,        .  [61] ,           .

           ,       . ,    ,      , , ,     .          ,    ,   .     .  : "   ,        -   ,      ,      "{40}.  : "   -  ,        .   ,    ,   ,    ,    "{41}.

       ( ,     ) 1  331 .  . .,    .      :    45-              .       .       :  -  ( ),  -  ,    -  .        .              ,       .    ,            .          .

       :         . [62] 

      .       ,    5  1757 .             371 .  . .

    36- ,       ,   85 . .       :     ,  -   ,      .        ,                    ,    .       ,   .      " ,   "{42}.

          2  216 .  . . [63] [64]       :   -   ,   -  .        .             .           ,      ,       .       .    .      ,     .             ,       .        .            ,        ,      .       .

          ,   ,       ,    ,    ,       .        . 2  1863 .    .    32-   12- ,             .         .

     ,    .      , ,   (   - ,       )      .             ,      :  ,     . [65] 

    :   , ,    ,        .     ,        "  ",  ,        XVII - XVIII .       ,            .         .

       ,      ,      .        ,  ,      : ,   .,   ( XV .)      -  1899 - 1902 .,     .    ,         .

    ,            -   .    .     ""        ,  ,       .      14  1066 .         ,      ,       ,      ,      .

      , ,       ,      .     , ,     ,     :      .     ,            . [66] 

     ,       .       ,     ,        1914-1918 .,    .       ,    .   ,       ,   ,   ,          : ,  ,      -          .      ;      ,        , ,   ,     . [67] 


 .    ;     

1.  

1  1939 .,   20    ,  -       ,     .        ,         .   18  ,   ,  - ,   30 .          .

   ,    .  ,       ,    ;         ,   -   .  ,          . -    1700 ,          .      ?

    ,        ,          .       : 1)    {43}; 2)   , , ,   ; 3)  [68]  , ,   ; 4)    .            ,       ,  ,       .                   .      100-150     ,   -   20-60       -   80     .

        . -,      , ,     ,       . -,              .      ,  ""     .      .          ,   .  ,    ,        ,  ,     .         .  ,      2 . ,   ,   ,   .

    :       .      :          ,      [69]    ,    .    -   ,    ,     ,      ,              .   -, 6 ,   30  , 10    22  ,       ;          .     [70]   50   .   1,7 . .          ,        .      500    ,     29    9   .  ,     ,    .

     .   -        ;   -                    - -  . .  ,     :  -       -    .

       ,    .     :      .

          3-  4- . 3-     ,  4- -  .  3-    :          14- ,         . 4-         ,       3-          .

          8-, 10-  14- . 8- ,     ,      ,   -   ( ).                 4-     10- . 10-                  . 14- ,    [71] ,   ,         ,    ,         3- .

,      45  {44}.    ,      .                .      -;     6   6  .  4     2 : 1-    ,      ,  4- -    ,     .      2 . {45}.

     -     ,   ,        .          ,        ,  ,      .

     4  40 .  1  1939 .    .    .   ,  ,     1914 .:       ,    [72]          .  ,      ,      .  ,  48 .        .

     -      .         ,    .             :           ,          .       ,    .

    :          ,    ;     10 . ,       3 .          .               .             .

     ,   24    ,       :       .            ,  ,     ,  .         .        ,        . ,  "            "{46}. [73] 

        ,      .          ,             .

    -    ,        ,     ,      .        ,    ,   ,   ,   ,        ,     ,   .

         .    : ,   ,  ,   ,  ,      .       ,       ,            .       400 .       ,  1942 .      .

          ,    .     ,   .         .  ,  ,  ,     ;       ,    .       ,       ,  :    .       ,       [74]  .    ,             .    ,     .      .   ,            .           - ,     ; ,          .     ,  ,    .    ,      ,    :  ,  ,           3  4 ;    ,   ;       ,    ,          .

     ,    :       ,         10 - 20 .  4- ,   ,  ,    "      ,  240   8 "{47}.

 , ,      , "        ,     ,   .         ,   ,            "{48}. [75] 

         1  1939 .,     ,    - . 5    3-        ,   -     4-    ,       . 8-       ,       . 10-    ,    ,   ,  14-     .  8      , 14-      .   ,    ,     ,      ( 75   ) 

    .  17          ,       .           . 18      .      . 17    . ,   ,  ,    : 

"        ,   .      ,   "{49}. 

  : 

"... 450 . ,  1200 ,    800 .  18               "{50}.

   27 ,     . 30   ,  120 .   ,  .

       [76]  .   - ,      ,    : 10 572 , 30 322   3 400   .

      ,   ,    694 . .     .        ,     129 400 ..

      .       .        ,    ; ,      ,  ,      ,    . ,   -   ,      .       , , ,          .

      ,        .       -   ,    - ,       ,      ,      ,    .     ,       ,    ,   ,      ,   ,  ,        ,      . , ,         ,     .

 ,           .       ,            ,        , [77]    :       ,        .      ,  ,   ,  ,   ;     ,       . , -  ,   ,          ,      ,     ,        .       .

,   ,    ,     ,    ,      ,  ,        .        ,     .       ,  ,   ,     .

2. - 

  ,     ,       .     " ",      ,      "Sitzkrieg" [" ". - . .].

"       ,     , -   .              ,       ,      . ,  , [78]      ""  -     "{51}.

   ,      26  , ,     ,             . ,    ,     .

 11  1939 .        158 .  9      (   ).       ,     ,        1433 .

  3  1939 .,    ,    .    ""    U-30  .               ,       .      . 4            ,        .             .

6     .    .  30       :     .

       180 .  ,   3,5 . .         -.

   ;     .       100 ,  1,5 . [79] , 9 .   10 . {52}.    - 3   1   -  33 . ,  , 60     250 ,   .      .

    ,    . ,       ,       .    ,       ,     -  ,         .   ,    ,         (    ,  , ,   ,    )   .

            .    {53}.       ,    ,   .    ,   ,   ,  ,      .      ,      ,    {54}.         ,     ,      .

,  ,       ,       .     ,       .       .      .        1916-1917 . [80] 

  27        . 2  1940 .            .        ,  13    ,      .              . 10    ,        .

    . -,  ,     ,      . ,     ,       ,        ,    ,             .

-,   ,      ,        .  ,    ,      , -  ,       . -,         ,         . -,   ,        ,   ,     .

             ,    1939 - 1940 .   ,    1916-1917 .       ,       ?

3.  

    , " " .       .      [81]   -,     " ". 12  1940 .          2   1  .         "",     ,      299    .      .      8       ,                 .

          .          ? .

8       -     .  

9   ,     ,      ,    .   ,    {55}.       ,  ,     ,   .    .               -        .

         . "     ,           ", -  .      ,      ,      .

   ,     [82]        {56}.    9        .  ,       ,     {57}.                {58}      ,   " "{59}.   ,     " ",  ,  ,      :

1.    ,    -     .

2.         .

3.          .

4.        .

      21  1940 .  " ": 

"      (  ),        ,     ,    [83]               ...   ,      ,      -        ...             ,     ,     ,    . -      ,       .       ,     -      Lebensraum.                 ,   "{60}.

         :      ,    . -     " ".                 .       ,      ,     " ".                 ,  , ,   .

   ,     ,     , " "             ,    .      .

,   ,   " "    ,            -     [84]  .       ""  10 .     ,  . ,   800     ,     ,    .   ,     . , ,        ,        ,  ,    .   9        .    ,  ,               ,     .

         .          .    ,    ,  "         "{61}        , ,     ,      15     .

 15        .     ,  . "        ,     , -   , -      ,   ,      ,    ,      {62}.

16            . 18        .   .             ,    . ,   [85]     ,     ,         .  ,        ,  .      ,   ,       .           .       2-3 ,     .

      ,           ,            .         ,         .     ,     ,     [86]     .     ,   ,           , ,    ,     ,   ,      .    ,       , ,         .           .

   ,     ,    .          .    .      .    .  7               9   ,           . 10         -.

4.    

        "".   ,       ,    {63}. "    , -   11 , -          ,  ..      ,    "{64}. [87] 

    ?        Lebensraum (        ,    ),   ,          .      ,           .

       ,        ,        ,    ,   ,         .     ,         .   : 1)   ; 2)           ; 3)  -; 4)           . ,                      -,       ,       . , ,   ,        .

           :  .           , ,  ,    ,   .        ,           --,            .        150 - 200    .       ,    ,       ,       ,        [88]  " ",    .    .

 ,      ,  ,    ,    1914 .,     .     ,    .      ,       ,   ,               .

   ,  .     {65},               ,     ,    .    ,     .   ,     1939 .    "D",  ,             ,            ,      ,     ,    .

"        ,    .           ,       - - ( -         ),       ,    " "   [89] - ( -  - ).                      ,          - .      ,          .

       ,     ,   ,    ,    ,  ,     .

     ,      ""     ,   26  ,   {66},   150    106 , , , {67}  .     10   , ,  10  , 4  ,   3 .  4 . ,       3   ( ),      .    ,    [90] 700  800   ,    -  200,    -   200,               .

       ,     .  ,      ,   ,    ,    ,     .       " "{68},    -  : "     "{69}.         .     - ,           .  ,          ,       .

 ,                 :    ""          ""     ,    .        ,        [91]   .              ,  ,    ,   -        .

7  1940 . ,  ,    6  .    9        ,   .            ,      ,     ,     " ",         -  .         ,  ,    ,          " ",     .      ,         .         ,   .    ,     ,         ,      - ,    ,  .                 .

               ,            ,         . 11      ,      12 ,    .

12       ,   ,        .      . 14   , , [92]      ,      . ,     ,    ,   50   . ,     30 .    20 .  , [93] [94]   , -,    ,    .

      .        ,         .            . "     .     ,    "{70}.

        .        ,   ,   ,     .       ,       ( )       , ,    -.

   ,       .

",   ,    ,   ,         . ,   ,            .   -,   ,     .        .           "{71}.

"    -  ,  .  ,    ,         ,       .   .       ,    .         [95] ,   ,   ,    .    ,   ,  .    :                   ,    "{72}.

               .  -   ,   ,    - .   ,      120     ,   . 

11         .       ,   ,       ,    4-  7-       - ,        .

         ,       ,               .

                - ,           ,       .    ,       ,   .           . " ,   ,    ,      ,    ,   "{73}. ,     [96]        ,       .      ,   ,   ,       .    ,    ,      .           .

  -           .

5.  

 10  1940 .      :     -     1-     40     ;    2-    26     ;        3-     36     .     102 ,   32          . 1-       7-   ,     , 1-    ,  9-   , 2-    .

10   4  30 .        ,   ,    .  5 . 30 .    -         {74}. , [97]     , ,     ;       {75}, 12       :   -    ,    -    , 1-  -    , 9-   -    ,     7-        . 12            1-  .     ,   12      50         .

          . ,    , ,           .   9-  ,   2   7    ,         .      ,    15    .     ;     40   3   1  ,            .      ,      2- ,      .  ,      ,           {76}. [98] 

            .     4-    ,   , 12-    ,  ,        ,     , .     16-   , ,       ,    , . .    ,   ,   2 :   .   [99]  ,   -  .    2  ,   - 3.                 .

10         .            .    .   ,  ,      ,      ,  12    1   3  , 13  -  1   5  .       17 ,   - 21 .

  12           , ,      1-   ,      .   ,                .                         .  17 . 30 .        ,  18 . 30 .      16 ,        .  1  14  ,         .   ,      ; ,   , ,    .   .             ,    -   .

  15              ,      .  ,           .    ,   .    ,  [100]      ,     {77}.   14       ,     ,   "  15    10 "{78}.

 ,    ,    " "{79}.   ,     ,               .      ,       ;       ,      1917-1918 .

 20 .       ,     ,  27   .   ,         .        .                  .      16  17       18  19 .

      ,      .   , ,  ,        .  , -, ,    ,       .  ,   ,   "  ".         -    ,           :  ,  ,       ,       ,   ,  , [101]          .

 17     60 .   .         .      ,       - ,       .   84 ,  - 73 . 19        : 

"15 .  ,     .    .    .   ...     ,    ,      ...   ,         ,     .        .        .         ,     ,    1914 .,       "{80}.

          . "        , -   , -   .   ,        ;        "{81}.    ,  22   .      1-   {82] 1-  .       ()    {83}     .

      . [102] 

20    ,            ,     23      .                    ,     , ,      .        ,  24    . 25    .   ,    ,  [103]  ,   ,    ,    :     ,       .     ,  28        .            23 ,          .

 29   4            887 ,   ,   337 131 .     ,    .   "",     -  -   .        ,        .          : "       ,        .        .    ,   ,          .     '   5         ,      ,                    10 .         -   .        ,   ,   ,             .

       .                ,              .   ,   ,            , [104]              .      ,   ,      ,             . ,   ,             ,     ,    .            ,                    "{84}.

       ,       ,     ,   .

   ,      ,    ,        . 5      ,     .   . ,       . ,     ,  9     .        . 10  -    , 17     , ,  ,   .

  10    ,       .               ,    . 14     ,                 .     (17 )        ,     25 .     . . [105] 

    ? , !     ,          .     ,     ,   ,  .  ,    ,       ,      ,       ,     .

  .       ,            :         .  ,      ,  , ,     ,      ,     ,         .

    .        8 .  10 .        .   ,      ,       ,       ?

   .            .    ,      ,     .    ,       10 ,          ,     ,       .                   . ,    ,     ,   ,    ,           .

  ,       , : [106] 

1.   .    - ,   ,          .

2.  .           .

3.  .      ;     ,    .

4.   .       ,       ,         .

5.  .        ,  ,        .

6.   .       ,      ,     .

7.   .  , , ,         ,                .

      .

  .      ,  ,         ,          .     -    Lebensraum;     -   .        ,   ,   ,        ,  ,   ,    . "     , -  , -       ,        [107]   "{85}.        {86}. ", -  , -    ,        "{87}.      ,   .   ,    "     ,    "{88},         . " , -  , -      :        "{89}.         :       27074 , 111034   18384   ,               1916 {90}.

 .          ,  [108]     ,      ,   ,         ,         .          .       ,      .  ,     ,   ,      ,     .   ,     ,     ,   .     ,    ,    .  ,     ,     . "Par dessus tout, on ne voulait rien risquier: cette fois encore, comme tant d'autres fois dans 1'histoire, le refus d'assumer un risque raisonnable aboutit a 1'extreme peril. Plus precisement sous pretexte de ne rien risquer, on sacrifia toutes les chances parce qu'on n'en courut aucune"{91}.

  a la bourgeoisie ( )       ,  ,           .

 . ", -  , -       ,     ,    ,       ,   ,   ,      ,    "{92}.  : "         ,  ". [109] 

       : "          , , ,     "{93}.  ,      .

     ,            ;           .       :    ,  ,  ,      ,    .   ,    ,    {94}.

    ,  ,        :    .   ,       ,  ,     ,         .      . "   , -  , -      ,       "{95}.  ,     ,      .

  .      -   .     ,          :  ,  . ,    ,    , -  "  "{96}.        " ".  ,        -    . [110] 

13    "  " : "...      500 ,      ",   " ,        ,      "{97}. 16         : "...500     ",             {98}. 14   ,   ,            ,   ,    "{99\.    15     16 ;   -   !    20 ,       ,  -   , 21 {100}     ,  25    , ,   :      150-200    .

         ? ,    ,  19 : "...   ,       "{101}.   : "         ,      "{102}. 16    : "       "{103}.

 ,     [111]   ,     ,     ,      100-200    .    ,     .           -    ,        .    ,         ,      ,    ,   ,           ,    .               .   "  "     : "           "{104}.

     ,     "": 

"               ...               .         ,   ...     ,   ; ,        "{105}.

 .   ,      ,       .            ,    .        .  18 ,       : "          [112]    .         .       ,   ,  , ...         ,    .           .  ,        ,  ,       .               "{106}.

      .     ,    ,   ,   ,     ,    ,      ,      ,        ,      .

 ,       ;   .      ,       .  , ,     ,   ,   ,  ,     1936  1939 .

,   1932 .   , ,    ,              ,       ,   .     1940 .       , ,    ,   .      .

6.   

     ,     ,    ,     ,    [113] ,   ,      .

    1923 . ,      , : 

"...              - ". 

,  ,    ,  : 

"        ,           ;            , -   ...           .   - ...            .             ,       "{107}.

 10 ,     ,   , ,     .       ,         ,            .  ,    ,    ,        1923 .    :

"         ,   ,             ,          ,    ,   ,     ,         ;     ,               "{108}. [114] 

,   ,    "    ",      ,        {109}. ,          ,   .    : "  , ,             ,        ,              "{110}. 

   " ", ,  ,         II,  XIV,    II.    ,   1940 .    "     ",   ,     ,   - -      20 .           -.    ,    .

     ,       .       ,           .    . ,        ,      -   .

    ,    .      .        , [115]     ,    , ,     .  ,     .                    . ,             . , ,        .

      ,     . ,      , ,   ,    :     .      ,       ,   ,       ,         .     ,           .         ,  ,        , ,       ,        .      ,      ,        ,      -          ,      , -        .

       ?   ,            ,    {111}.    ,    [116]      -    ,    ,         ,     ,      .         ,    ,        .

   . 16                 : " ,      ,      ,            .  ...          .         "{112}. [117] 

       ,  ,       ,   .  :

"             ...        "{113}.

 ,  ,       :

1.      .

2.   ,    .

3.       ,        ,         .

          .   ,             .

,    ,  ,   ,      25     ,          {114}.     30 ,           ,    ,        {115}.        {116}. [118] 

-,      ,       ; -,      , ,     ; -,     ,       ,    ; -,    ,          ; -,    ,       ,   -     , ,         ,             .     ,         . .

,          , ,      .   ,   - ,     2750 ,         .     . 16 ,    ,     15 . 3       21 .  17      ,  19     ,      . , 12      .

  , -,    ,       , , -, ,    [119] -         -    .  ,     ,  ,  .

 8  18 :      ,          .

 19   5 :         ,          .

 6 :    ,  ,        .

             .     59  .   ,     ,      2:1,     ,             .        ,  ,   :            ,     ,   ;       ,   "",   ,   "",      ;      ,          : ,  . -, -  ().       ,       ,       .  ,     ,  ,  ,      .  12       [120] {116} , ,  ,       ,   ,     ,   , .   ,         , , , ,   ,     "  "  , , ,        .

     ,         ,   ,        ,      ,          .    ,         .

       .   ,           ,      .   ,            .              .    " " 20  1942.:

", ,  ,         . -,   ,           ,         ,  ". 

 -     .     " ",            .    ,      ,    ""          . [121] 


 .   - 

1.     

       ,       .       ,      ,       ,  ,      .

    ?     ,     ,     .     ,     ,              4  1945 .: 

"...     (  )           ,           ,        "{117}.

 ,    ,     ,    6  1940 .   : 

"          .   ,      ,        "{118}. 

  ,    ,    " ",    [122]      "" (     ){119},        ,    ,                 ,    ,         .

, -,   , ,     ,     ,     ,   -     ,    .     1940 .      ,     ,    .        ,       {120}       ,     ,   ,  .                   .

  ,      - .    ,       .        ,      . -    ,      .              .     ,   ;         .   ,  - : " - [123]  ( ,     -  ,  -  -   ,  ,  , - "{121}.    - ,     ,  ,     .

      ,        ,      :  , ,     .   9           ,     .    ,     , ,    1940 .                      ,               ,        .        ,            ,                -   .

     ?                 36 .  , 9 .  , 5,5 .  , 1475   , 27 500  , 2500    800   .     7-  ,    ,   . -          .

         215 .  200-        (,  [124]   ).              .  ,       ,            -  ,     .        .      . ,    ,     ,   -          -   .   ,    ,            .   ,           ,    ,   ,  .

               :      ,     ,       .      ,         ,    ,         ,        .       ,       ,     .     .

   ( ,     ,    )     ,   .        -,    180          ,         ,       . [125] [126] 

      ,        ,   ,  : "      ,   -  ,       ".      .

" ,  , -  , -           ,   :  .     ,   .   ,    .      ,       .     ,  ,  ,   .   ,      .   ,  .   -.      ,      ,     ...      ,         ,   .     ,       .  ,     2 (3   5)   ,        .   ,           "{122}.

28           . 13       ,        - .   ,  ,        [127]     -,   75   -;     .  -          -   .             ,    50  ,           .          .

      ,   20     .              .  8  ,     ,         ,   .     '     ,      .         -   3    2    .

, , ,    ,      ,    ,      ,   80 .   120   - ,    3    .            (    ): , -   ,  , ,    - .      ,            20           . ,          ,             ,        . [128] 


         - '.     7-   - ' , 4-  , 2      7-    ( ).    '  31 .   , 120   275 . - ,      ,      . .

     .  ,   ,    70 ;            20-30              .     -  :   30     7 ,    8 ,         9 .

      ,     , -  ,   ,      -      ,      .

,   .         .       ,    ,    ,   ,   62 .       ,  500 ,      .     ,     ,    ,    .

          ,        .   -     ,   -   ,   - ,    :   . [129] 

 .  , '   {123} 7-      ,          ,   7 .   ,         ,     .  35 .   7-  ,    .     {124},      ,  ,   37-        {125}.   {126}     ';   .

   , '    .  13 . 30 .       ,  13 . 50 .     ,     .     ,       .   4-  ,  7-  ,        - - .     9 . [130] 

        -.    16 . 15 .,      .  '   7-              ;   7-      ,    . 11     -     14 . .

"    ,       -.     5  ,   38 . , 400 , 50      .    133 , 387   8   ", -   {127}.

 .      .     .        .     5   [131  :   ,   ,        .    22    .     45 . , 462 , 12 ,    - 30 . , 236 , 87 .

 .           ;

60-    ,     ,    160   -,   50   .       ,  '      ,     -.     26  27      .       '  ,  7-  ,     50  {128}  95  ,      -    ,     ,                 .

  30      .     ,      ,       . 7-     -   -,       5 .                    50     ,   -{129}. [132] 

        5 . ,     ,       4-  .      ,    .    6     ,    .      ,     .   84 .    20-  ,       ,  ,    , 60-           .        20 . , 120   190 .

         -  .            ,   7   7     ,   4  ( 10 ).   130 . , 400 , 1240 .   500  , 1373   55   .

        ?   ,         .  ,                , ,   ,               .  ,   ,        ,     ,      .

     .     :      ,     ,                  .         ,  ,   [133] ,        .  ,    ,     ,     .     ,          -       .         . ,    ,      .         -      .       .            .

2.  

,       ,      ,    .      . 2 ,  5    ,    ,        -         -    .  ,           ,       ;             ,    ,    ,    .    4-  5-  ,     1- , 11-  12-  .   ,      ,   ,    , , ,     .      ,  -  ;     1200 .

    ,         ,   -     , [134]   .         9 .          ,     19 .        .        31    .       .      -     ,             .        3 . ,    3     .

1    ,           .      ,    :

  -,        10 .    ,     - -.    -    185     ,  -         2  . 4        .

  1000    24    ,  18      .       ,   275   ,  6 .  23        , ,    ,      5 .  25 .   ,     350 . {130}    80 .   .              .

    ,         ,     774     .  [136] [137]       ,   204   ,        570 .   ,  16         .       .

1           . 10   ,   590     ,       .  ,   17    .      ,        1600 ,         25   .  ,       1054 ,    35   .    1935 - 1936 .      65      6 .

,   -,      -.      ,  4     -.          50 . ,    360 . . ,  135  , 310 , 52     4 .

          ,        - -,         .      ,   250     -.

13     1-  ,        20   .        8 . ;    10  .  140         -,        .             . [137] 

18       ,      . 5 ,    5   ,       -,    "       ".

    ,       ,    ,   ,  ,    -.         :

"      4  -      .             220 .       .       1 . . .          :            -,   ,       ,    2 .   ,         "{131}.

     -         .       ,    ,  , ,   .        .

            ,      ,  -  .      -.           - .         ,       .   [138] ,  "  "        "    "{132}.

      .      .          ,        ,   , ,    ,   ,       .      ,            .  ,        ,              ,         ,         . ,    , ,               ,   .

3.    

22  1940 .,         ,           (        ),    ""   ,       ,   .    ,      .

  1941 .,   ,      .     {133},  1   [139]     .     .       , ,      ,   {134},             .  10  20      ,  24         .          :     .         ,      7  . 6         .

       12-       - .   ,    ,     ,         .         .       5?    .         .

     :    ,      .     ,         ,     .    ,  4      .        .                .         ,     ,     [140]  ,   . 28        ,  17  .            .

   ,        . ,     ,     , ,   ,             .

22                  .    : 1)       ,  ; 2)   ,  ; 3)   (  )    .          ,            .        . "    , -  , -   ,      ,                 "{135}.

  ,      ,             ,        .      , 6-  7-  , 1-     .     57 . ,    24 .  .         7 .

      ,   ,    [141] [142]   .                    (14 ).           .          ,                   ;      100 .        ,             .    ,     ,  3-      (   ),     .

         : -,         ; -,            ; -,      ,         .

 ,  6 ,     .      ,    ,  ,        .    150      ;    .                 .          "...    .         .  , , .        ""{136}.

        [143]   .      ;                .  ,        ,     ,   ,     .     ,    8       .

      ,   45   -  ,    -    -    ,     7 .          .   ,              .           ,   ,     ,    .                ,      .        .        ,     ,        ,    .

19         .      ,  21   .

    ,       .          .         ,    .  ,  26         ,     .          ,          . . "  , -   , -  [144]         ,        ,  .       ,         "{137}.

        26  27     27  28 .     57 660      43 .       ,     - . ,      ,       . 27            .

          ,                    .        , ,   ,    ,       .         ,    -     . 7          - ,     100    !   ,  , ",     ...      "{138}.   ,       .      .

"       ,   ,        .     ,                 .        [145]   ,   ,   "{139}.

,  ,        .       .       ,     ,  " "    ,     ;         .  ,      ,   , .

4.   

  ,    ,       .  , ,     ,     ,         .       ,      ,    ,       .    :     .            ,       .      ,   200     . 8 .    ,    ,          .    ,    ,   2-  ,    ;       -.

          -,     150     .    2-     ,  [146]  , 9-  ,      ,       -. 2-        ,          ,             .     ,          - .             .   ,   .

31     .     1      2   (  ).  -            -.          ,       -,     ,     .       ,            ,      .

   ,       2-  .  2       .               -  -.

     ,        -,      .        .     {140},   [147]      -, .  ,      , 9-  ,    , 7    .  2-  ,   ,  -    6 ,              .  -   3-     ,     . 7    2-  ,   ,    -          -,  .         ,         ,        ,  2-     .

      6  7 . - '          .            - .

,    ,           .     ,        ,  ,    .      .      ,      ,      .      9-      7-      .   7 . 11    .        .     -,       .

   ,      ,  12 ,    ,     ,          .  [148]  -   .     . ,    ,          ,       ,       .  :        ,            .   ,   ,      ,             .     ,              ,   ,   ,    -    , ,       . ,       ,        .    4      ,   ,       .    ,         , ,     ,       ,      .

5.    

       .       . ,       ,  31         .     ,  -   ,       , 60     .     ,   ,  1   .                 :     . [149] 

 ,  1  1940 .      -    .                .

      .      ,   30  - .      ,     27 550 .     ,     .

 ,        ,      : , ,   -.     .    ,           .  ,     ,         .   ,       ,      .

    400   , ,        .    [150]   , , , , ,   ,   -   .   ,  ,     . 19    ,    ,         .

  12       ,        .     ,    "    ".    .   ,  20   ,   ,    .

   ,         "".  .      :  ,   11-    3-  5-  ;  ;     600 - 700 ,   "-52".

       20   8 .    .   ,      ,    -       -,           50-100 {141}. ,   ,    ,           .      ,        . ,  20       7 . .

21  22   ,        ,   ,      .       [151]  ,      ,   .

   21  22 ,      22  23         .             .    :   2   4 ,     .

26    ,   ,     ,           ,      -. ,   20 .  .     .          .     ,  28          .

     28  29   -. 30        ,   .    ,        31   1 ,      , .   14 580 , 13 .      .

   , "  ,  12 - 15 .,       "{142}.

     ,       . 15        -   .    ,   .       15 .    ,        :            25   70  .  ,       [152]  ,      (5 /)  3     .

   .    ,    ,    .         ,     .   7-     ,   ,              ,      ,   .   8 .       ,     ,  11    . 14        .

    -      .          .      ,    ,     ,        .  ,       ,        .

    ,   .        :      , ,  ,            .       1917 .,               . 

      : 1)    ; 2)     .     ,          .

,        "": "         ,    ,       .          , [153]      .    ,         .         ,      .      -,    ,   ,       .        "{143}.

     ,   . ,  ,          1941 .,    1940 .    {144}.     ,          .     , ,    ,     ?   ,        ? -,      ,    .     ,         ,   ?

   ,         . ,   " ",    :

"  ,  ,  , ,         -       -  ". 

 ,   -       ,             .     ,     " ",      ,        ,   " ".

  ,    ,   ,     ,    . [154]  ?        ,     , , -,  .  , ,   .     : "            ,     .      - ,   ,  .             .         ,      .    ,     ,    , ...   "{145}.

    ,      .         .        ,              .         .

6.   

   ,    ,    ,   , ,   ,        18  1941 .,    ,         .      ,               - {146}. ,       . ,  ,         ,               -  [155]  .      ,      ,      12 .             ,     - 22 .         {147},       .     ?

        ,     {148},      [156]    .      ,     ,  1/6   .  , , .           ,     1/4   .           ,      .          ,     . ,             , , ,      , .             :

1.  -         ,        -  .   .

2.  -        {149},   ,     ,       -     ;     .

3.    {150] -      .        ,              .

4.   .  -   ,  -    ,  90% ,   70%   .

         ;               .  ,    , [157]     . ,  -     -    . ,   ,       ,      .    ,      .

      ,     ,       .     ,      .  ,       :

1)      .

2)        - .

3)           , , . 

4)           , .

5)   ,     ,    ,  ,     ,    .         ,     ,   ,   .

,       ( )       . , ,     ,       , -   .             ,      , ,  .  ,               ,          .        ,   ,      ,   ,     ,   . [158] [159] 

   ,      (   ) -     ,          .

,       ,     ,         ,     ,      ,     30  1934 .                      .       ,  ,         ,                .

     , , ,         ,      .  ,      ,  .    ,     ,             ,            ,      .    ,    .

     ,     .    :

1)      ,     ,      .

2)   , , ,      .

3)                        .

          .   [160]   ,         ,         .  ,       ,  ,     -.  ,    ,     , ,   ,       ,     ,   .

      121 {151},    17   12 , 3  ,   3 . .        ,         ,   .   :

  ""     ,    2             4 ;

  ""        3   (  ,    ), 2   (   )  10 ;

  ""        2   (     )  -   ,          4 . 

     (    )    ,   ',       .

  ,        . ,       ,      - ,              ,  ,   . [161] 

     ,   -  ,     ,      .  ,    ,        ,       . ,   ,      .     ,        .

   22 ,     ,      1812 .      1815 .,       .

,    ,        .                 . 26   ,         , 30   ,  , -  ,  16 ,     ,  ,        ,      ,   500     .

        ,     .  " "     , ,   ,             .  29   " "  ,   : 

"          .         ,             ". 

6       " " ,  

" ,         ,       ,            , ,   ,    ". 

    [162] [163]     ,    -  . " "       : 

"                ,        ,       .         ,        "{152}.

 ,    , "   ,           -    "{153}.

 ,         ,   .   ,          .              " ".   ,    , " " .   ,      .     . , ,          .       ,      ,    .       ,        .   ,     .          ,          ,   .  ,        ,      .      ,  "" [164]  "" ,  ,   .  ,          ,   ,   ,    :    .

", -  , -    [ ] ,   ,   ,          .    ,     ...         .       ;       ,    "{154}.

  ,     , ,   , .     ,  ,    ,    ,          ,    -    -;    . 10          323 . {155}.

       ,      .      ,    .          ,  16         .      ,    7 .  ,     300 . ,      ,    [165]    .        2 .

                     .      -  -  - .         5 .     ,    ,     ,          1939 .

     ,          -.  10       ,   .        .    10  12 .     ,      .   ,     . 24         .   ,    .

         ,  ,  ,             20 . 10            .

              ,  , 20     .     ,     ,    .            ,             .  ,  1  14          .    ,   -  . 14        ,  120     .

 ,    665 . .      ,   [166]    ,     .      ,    ,       , , , .

30             ,     . 11      ,       .       :      ,          .

           48   12  ,        .            1,5 . . 2      .

           ,   -    ,    -      ,   9-      .

          ,        .       .     ,     {156}.  15        ,   65     .        ,   ,   ,     ,  ,     .      .         ,         ( -  );       5   , [167]  35   .         .      ,    8  ,  "         ".

          ,   .   ,  30   ,   .

   ,  :  ,    ,  ,  -  ,    -  ,    ,         .        , ,       , , ,   .  6             .

     (   ),    ,   ,     ,    ,        ,  , -,       25  ,  ,     22   6  1941 . -    .           .

   ,     ,  .      250      .     ,        120 ,  - 60 ,    - 240 ,        ,       ,      (30  - )   (30     )   .  ,        ,  ,        :       ,   . [168] 

            .       ,    ,       ,   ,   ,    .            1941 .,    .     ,    ,      ,        ,  ,        ,  .

   .         ,     .     ,          ,    ,    .

       ,            .           .  ,  ,        .           .           .   ?   .           2   .

 ,       ,  .              .          ,  , ,   ,   ,    .

,         .        ,      [169]     .     . -, 19       ,     ,     .     ,        . -,   ,   ,    ,        ,     .          . [170] 

 .  ;    

1.  

  ,      ,        ,     . ,          1853 .,   .        ,     .     ,       ,          .       .

   1875-1879 .      ,     ( ),   1891 . -   .      ,  1894 - 1895 .,   ,   ( )  -,         ,   .       1905 .      ,             .  1910 .       1919 .     ,    ,    .

,   1929 . ,       ,         .         -.      . 7  1937 .       [171]   ,   .  ,   ,   ,   " ",    ,    "     ".        ,     ,      .

 1941 .       ,      ,     ,          , {157}.             ,    .

       21  1941 .      .          .     ,     ,          33 .  .      ,    -   1911, 1934  1937 .       .

     , ,   . 20    ,   ,    ,       . ,       ,       .           ,    .         ,       , ,   .  [172]  ,  ,   ,  , ,  "   ,      {158},       .     ,     .              .       .    .     - ,    . , ,   ,         :

" [  ]       , ,      ,       .    ,     ,             ,        .    ,      ,          "{159}.

    ,           ?       ,    ,    ,           .  ,           .

  1894  1904 .     .          ,    - ,     .         ?

      ,         , [173]    {160}.              ,      ,   .     ,  "      ,         .       ,  , ,   , ,       ,       ?         .        ,          ,      ,      ?

            -,     ,    ,     ,        .       ,        ?       - .

 -   2400 ,     - 5600 .    5600   ,   -  1580   .     - 3020 ,       - 2160 .

      ?   ,           ,  65 ,   ,           ,   5  6 . ,      30     250 . ,       2 .,  ,   30       [174]  350 .  ,   30  35   ""{161}  15 .          ,     .      .

  ,         ,          .    ,          ,          ,    .    ,       ,     . 

,     , ,   , -   -    .         ,   ,        ,   ,           ,        ,           ,   ,       .  , ,    ,        .    ,       ,    , ,            ,   1895  1905 .

    ,        .          ,       ,    -  , -       .    [175]         ,         ,    -   -            .       ,              .        ,       ,      .     ,    " ",     ,               ,   "  "   .

     ,   ,             ,    .            ,           .  , ,  -       2500         " ",         500 ,          .    ,          ,    ,    .  ,          ,    ,      .  ,  ,     ,   ,       .

 ,        ,   ,     -,     .      [176] [177]     .    ,       .  ,   -    ,     .

      ,    ,   ,           .      ,           .

   ,     ,    ;     ,  ,           ,      .

               ,            ,        .

,  ,     .           ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,   .      :  ,  ,  ,  , , , , , ,       ,   .   ,                .  ,           ,      ,       .

     .          , ,   ,    [178]      -   ,     , , , ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   .     ,      .

   ,       : -,         , -,  -        ,      ""  .

   7  1941 .   2625 ,      .     :   - 700 ,   - 475,   - 150,   () - 450,   - 325,    - 50,    - - 400  75      {162}.

 -  :  ,      182 ,    - 12,   - 12,   - 387;     - - 200 ;     - 332 ;  -   ,       - 165 .   1290 {163},     .

   141     .

2.    -    

   ,        ,  [179]    -.   ,              - .      ,     ,   ,     ,     .    , ,       ,     ,         .    ,              ,              .            ,                ,     .   ,      ,        .

      ,      ,   ,      .      , ,      ,          ,   .    ,  ,   ;       ,    ,     .          , ,   ,       .       ,  ,   ,   . 37         -.   1939 .  ,       .        . ,    ,    [180]  ,   ,      ,     .

 7   7 . 50 .               -,       ,          ,    ,        .       ;   ,        .

    .     ,   ,        " "{164}.       ,    9 . 15 .             .        .          : ""  , "" ,      ,    .   19 . ,    ,          .  202    52    .   2795   , 879   25   .     360   6 ;    , 60   {165}.

       .     ,       .      .

    ,         ,        [181]  ,       .      .

                    ,   :     ,  , - , ,  ,      .        ,       .      -    ,             .

     ,  :  -     ,    ,         ,   ,  ?

  ,       ,    ,    : "            ,       .            ,        ,     "{166}.

    ,  , ,    .                 ,        .     ,   :         ,       ,    - . [182] 

 ,   ,       , ,        ,      ,       .    ,         ,       .   ,             .      ,    .         ,  378     12    5- ,    7   .   16 .

   ,     7 ,        .          .

        19 .   , 12 .    100-        .    8 .      200 ,    35    107 .      .

                  .          50%  .    10           ,   ,     .       ,             ,     - .           ,   .      [183]     ,      . 11  1942 .      .    1   10     .

22        - .      ,         -   . [184] 

   . ", -   , -  ;      ,      .    ,           ,    , , ,      .

    ,      . 1 ,  ,        .      .       .      -         .   ,    .

 :  ,  ,  31-  ,    -  8 .     "{167}.

   5 .          ,  .

       ,       .    .       .         ,    ,    .        ,    .    ,    ,      .       . ,   ,     ,   ,            . [185] 

3.      

            .  -       -     .     . ,   6     ,   ,    50     ,      . ( ,        :    735 .,    - 709 . . 12       ,   .    18  19     ,     .

         .  ,      30    ,   750 .        :      60 .  .         ,         .     .               ,    ,    -         .        ,        .          ,      .    5250 . ,   .    700 . , 75%  .

       ,   7      .   [187]         ;      .        .    8   . 21 ,  1   ,       .

   ,       .   , "   ,     , ,   , 4   "{168}.    ,   ,       ,    .

           ,         .        ,        .      ,   ,  ,   ,   ,      .

      .      ,   .         .      ,          ,       .             .

8      .  1 . 30 .           -      {169}. [188] 

    ,       .      "  "  ""{170}.     ,       .     2 . "  , -  , -    ,          !           ,   ,           .     - , ,  "{171}.

9            , ,     ,  .   ,      ,  .        ,    ,  . . ,   " ",    "",    : " ,     "  "      .       ,     ,   14-.  ,     ...     "  ".   .            -  .  ,      ,     .       ;   ""  .   ,    , ""    .   .    ,         .   ?      .  ,  [189]   ...     : " "{172}.

       . "    , -  , -  ,       .    ,     .      ,      .           ,   ,     ,    "{173}.

 ,     ,    .  -                ,       .      raison d'etre       -    -   .

    -          .       -    .

11     .         ,   . 12  13    .       ,         . 18    .

                .         ,     .            [190]          ,        .       : , ,    . . -      {174},          ,    ,          .         2- .           .    .      37  .

 7  1942 .    -  ,        ,  " ".          .            .  30        ,    20     .     8 .     ,  .

      ,            .  7        -,   ""   : "  -      .     ,     ...       [191] ,   -      ,       400 ,        ...    ,      ,     ,   ,      ... ,     ,    "{175}.

     ,       .             .        ,   .

 ,  31  , , ,  ,          ,   .      ,  -  -     .      ,          .  ,    ,     ,    .

      70 .          - . .  45 .     .    {176},    ; ,        ,  .     :  1 .  2 .   .       . ,    ,   ,  .

    .     ,   [192]     ,     {177}.

4 ,   ,        .    8  9                  -    .

9         -    ,   -.  ,      ,    . 11         -     : "       ,    ""{178}    ,    ,           - .  ,    - "{179}.

   ,   .     .   ,       14  .   .     7 .    70-  .       ,           1781 .{180}

     ,              : , [193]   ,       .

     ,       ,         .   ,    ,      .   ,        ,  .   ,      ,    ,       ;       .        ,         .  ,           ,     ,  [194] ,     ,    .              .

          .  ,           .      ,   .  ,   ,     ,  ,     ,  ,  ,    ,   .     ,       ,           .

4.      -

              .     -   -       .    ,       -   ,     -,      ,    1600 ! ,   , , ,    ,    ...  ,    ,   .

     100 ,         ,       ,     ,  - {181}.   ,    [195] [196]   -  -      - ,          ,    .  ,     ,     ,   750     ,   500           900   .

,        - ,      ,  -  .           .

21 ,   ,       -     .             ,   .          15  20 . 7      ,      .    - .     - . ,    28 .      ;  -         5-  6-  {182},          -,   -    .

 ,      . 22         ,     ,    -    . 1          [197] ,      .        .  10        ,      .       .       6-  ,    . ,      ,     29 .        .

              ,       5-     ,   .    ,  5-      ,     ,            -    .    1 ,        .

     ,             . 15 ,        ,    .       ,          .   ,     ,   28       .

5-  ,  , ,      ,      ,   -      .     ,       .       ,  13    -      .   , 20    .

  ,      .   , "   ".

       [198] ,      , , ,   .        .     ;  23             .

14        .      17 ,      . 27      ,                      .        .  10       .

 ,     ,      ,     ,   ,     . 23           .             .                . 7           .

 ,               .     ,    ,     .    ,         ,         ,          .

5.        

 :        , ,    [199]  ,   ,    ,   ,       .      ,           .    ,       ,  ,   - .                .        .

     ,   ,          -.

      ,     1940 .,   .               ,         .             ,    -       .          ,          .

                  . 1             , 20         , 24  -  , 4  -  ,   1200   -  , 10        . 18     ;    .

       .              .        ,    -  ;     .     [200]        ( ),  -     . 28          -   .

        ,     . 3               .     .           "", 3   6 .          3 ,   ""  4 ,     {183}.

5        ,      "", 7  , 2    9 .

6          .           ,    .              .             ,            .

 7      "Ѹ",     ""  "";   5 .  8        2  , 4     .       ""  "",   ,    .      , 3  ,  , 2    ,  20   .

    ,      ,    [201]      -   .      ,   ,      ,         {184}.

               . 3        -  -   ,     .  ,    ,   ,    ,            ,      .

       .          :

  ,       . ,   , -,  ,        , ,    ,            .              ,     .        .    ,          . [202] 

 ,         .

  ,               ,           .     "",            -     3 : "", ""  "", - 7  , 1  , 14   20  .          .

 3          470   -  ,    .          .           180     .  ,  "   , -      ,         "{185}.          ,    ,   .     ,       .            {186},         .      ""  ""       :    ,     . [203] 

     ,       .      36       ""  ""   . ""       .      ,  6    ""          .     ""   ""   ""     ,  "" .

5     .           ,      .

     :  - 4 , 2  , 3 , 1   1  ;  - 3  , 3  , 1  ,  , 3    .    92   215 .

        .     , ,       ,           .      ,           .    5  ,     ;  6   .       3     ,       13   15  .

         -  .                   ,    .  ,           .        ;         .\204] 

          ,      ,     : 15 .   381 {187}.

          ,   -     ,      ,    .  ,      .    " ", ,    , ,           ,     .      ,      .   ,   ,    ,  ,       .        ,      ,      ,       ,       .

   ,   -       .      ,   -.   ,                  .

     .    ,        - ,        .

,     -,   ,   ,   .      ,        ,        ;  [205]   -,      .

, ,    ,               .            ,         .

    ,       .              ,          .         ,    - ,    . [206] 


 .   

1.   

 ,      , ,      {188}  ,      {189},  .      ,  ,           .    .        ,     .     .         1 .          375   ;        350  450    .     ,   200   ,  360      500   .   200        .         , , ,        .          ,      . ,         .        ,  : ",        ,  [207]       .     ,           .        .      ,          4    3  "{190}.

         1    {191}.

  ,    ,  ,         .     ,                   ,   .    , "                   .            .           "{192}.       35%    ,   ,    - 63%.

    ,   ,        12 . ,     .    ,       75%,         .           25  ,  13   [208]  ,    " ".

   ,   ,       ,       {193},         8-    - .

8-     : 13-   - . -  30-   - . .  13-  : 4-    , 1-   .  30-  : 7-   (7-  22-    7-  ), 4-  , 1-    201-   .     - .    70- , 32-      . 2-     29-        . 

              .        (15-  21-  ), 90-    1  ;     ""  6  .     : 4   1    , 1     -,  "" -  --, 15-  21-       , 90-   1       .

   ,   {194}.

 -    [209] -     9   , 12  , 6   , 5    2    "    "{195}.        -   10            .     .        ,        ,      .

          ,    ,   -  .    412   194  ,   455   72  .   ,     ,   50- (41/2 )  75- ,         2- ,         800-1000  ,  50- .  ,     ()    50- ,     75- .

       :            ,      .                   . 30-     7-  , 4-    1-    ,     ,  -,  13-  -    .        13-      ,    -       .

    29-  [210]       ,   ,    -     - .    -       ,                .              ,     .

    18- , ,    , 17       ,             {196}.       ,      ,     . " , -       ,  -     [211]   ,   ,    -  ". , ,    ;     ,      ,     {197}.  ,  , .

         7-     10     -, 22-    -     ,  4-   -  -  7-  . 1-     -.    ;       .

19  7-         -,  7-    . -,    ,        , 22-     ""  --.        ,    ,    .  4-            -.  ,    3      .        ,     .

  20        4-  .    22-     --     4- .    4-   ,    22-     .       ,   -,     -;       7-  .

   21   7-         .  4-  22-          .  [212]    .    7-     .

   ,        4-  22-  .  5-      10   -.  6 . 30 .      ,                 .

     (22  23 )  -          .     , ,  5-     ,   .   ,      .

  7-        -      ,    -. 70-      . 4-   13-   -.

    .   -,   19 ,   -      7-  .       .     ,             . "      , -   , -  ,      .   ,     .      ,          "{198}.

  ,   ,   ,       .

    24   ,   ,                ,   ,  [213] "     "{199}.

   ,        .  ,      ,     ?    :          40     -;       -,          70-   .     7-  ,  ,     ,   ,       ,      70- ,           ,        ,       .        .

       ,     :    ,   ,    .          70-   ; 7-  ,    ,      ,        .                  ,       .          ,        .     :  15-  21-       -,     ,   30-           .      ,       .  ,         . [214] 

        . ,     , : "     9 . ,     .     ,    .     ,     ...         ,   .          ...    -   : " ,  -  -", -     "{200}.

        : ",      .    ,     -      .      .      .         -,       .   ,  ,       ,     48 .    25- .       30-        ,   13-  ,     "{201}.

  ,       ,      .    .            .      "    ""     "{202}.

     ,       ,           .  4-    ,  . ,    [215] ,      15-  21-            .

    ,    ,          - . .

    26 .         -  27-   70-   -.    ,  -     .            1  2      1-      .  ,   -    .

2   , ,      ,  4-    ,    ,    ,    -, -.

  ,               .     ,         30- ,    .     ,   .         --,     30- .        ,      . 5  11-    4-  ,     ,  --,     .      4-     ,           . 15-  21-      - ,    4-    4-  . 

9  7-     13-    70-   -.   [216]  .      13-   30- ,         -.                 -  ,          . 7        -.

2  1942 . 2-     . 17     .       .     24 500   , 36 500 ,         18 . .

2.   

       , ,  ,    .       .       ,          .   .

  ,   1941 .      ,        ,  ,                  .     ,            .     , , ,    ,    :    1942 .  ,       ,   ,                  -  .      ,   ,   .     1941 .     50% ,    .   [217]     ,         .

  ,     ,    .  12        ,   ,      ,       , 386   412  850   1000,      ,               1941 .?           .               .       .  25  31      60 ,   - 263 .

       ,    .   " ",    "",  ""  "",  "",   ""  "".    ;    18     -      " "  "".

" ,   1941 .                3     .         ,    1942 .  ,   ,        . 21        7     -"{204}.

    ,  17 .   , 8-          - - [218]  .    :     ,  .        ;      . ,     .      . -,     ,     :       .

     -  ,    ;      7-   ,    -   4-  .  ,  ,   .            .

   ,      .     , 21    3  ,      ,      .            ;        13- .     -.       ,   28 . 7-        ,  4-       . ,        -,  7      .

 ,          ,   ,      ,          ,         .    ,   ,   "           "{205}. [219] 

          , ,      ,    350   17  "    "{206}.

        ,    ,     ,    .

"  -      ,    "{207}.      ,     ,            ,   .  ,   - , "Un general ne doit jamais se faire de tableaux, c'est le pire de tout. Parce qu'un partisan a enleve un poste, il ne faut pas croire que toute 1'armee  est"{208}.

,   19 ,     . " , -  , -           ,     "{209}.

    ,  , ,      , ,        -,       .   ,    ,      : "    ",            . ,        ,           ,    . ,    ,         [220] ,             .     :     ,   , , ,    .    ,      ,       ,    ,         .

   ,       .   ,   -    .

         .     ,          ,      ,     .        ,    ,    .    ,      - ,       -  -.            30- ,       ,      .

     ,  ,     ,     ,      . ,       -       - . ,  ,        ,          .          ,      ,     ,   ,   ,  .  ,  , ,        ,       . [221] 

 - , ,        ,      8- ,   ,    .

       , , ,                  ,      .             - . ,  ,      , ",   ,  ,     ",  : "   ,             . ,     , -     ,     .                 .     ;      .        .   "  "   ,    -   ...  (          )     .     ,      ,   ,  -         .     ,             ,      "{210}.

      .

:   ,  ,             ,  ,    [222]    ()   .      ,   ,         .     ,   ,          .

:    , -       ,  -  ,  -    ,     . ,      ,    .   ,  ,   ,     ,        .      ,           .

      . 1  1942 .        - .      ,    .        ,            .

3.   

  ,        :  ,                  -    -       -   .     ,      ,                ,     -, , , .           ,         . [223] 

    ,     .      .      5715   .      ,        .

     -        {211}.        11   3  .

 --      40      -.       ,         .           ,   .       1  2  ,          , ,   .      ,       [224]   . ,          ,    .        ,  .   ,             .            . ,      ,    ,        .

    : --,  1-  ,     -  50- ,      - -            " "     -  -.      .            .

 8-     13-  30- .  13-   1-  2-    50-  ;  30-   1-   (2-  22-  ), 7-   (4-  ), 201-   ,    , 3-     29-  . - .   13- , - .  - 30- .

    6   , 20-    (  ""    ).   (15-  21-  )   90-  .

,     550    90  .     631 ,         160   "" -  ,  75- .          6-       [225]     .       .  ,      8- .                  {212}.

       7 . , ,     ,     :     13-    , 30-         13- . ,     ,       .

       :     ,         ,          -, -     .               --,       180     .       .

     :    26  27   , 20-    90-       -.   ,      -,  ,  ""  90-     -      .       -- [226]       .  -    ,                  .

 26     -,      ,   .      ,         ,     .           200     -.

         :    -  "",   - 21-  ,    - 15-  .  7 . 30 .    3-   ,     4-  .    ,       7-          [227] ,    .        1-      " ".       .   27 ,      ,     , -  -,    ,      ,    .       ,      --  .        ,  -,    , .

  28   31          .        ,          " ",  ,    "".

                     10  .         ,   31     ,     150-  .   ,      .      ;              ,   ,           .       ,        ""     .    1      150-   ,   ,         ,    ,   3 . .

      ,            . ,   -     ,  [228]   . 2        -    ,  7-          -  .

      "".   , 10-            4 .  5  22-      ,  32-       .

 .  10-     , 22-            ,   32-      .     ,        10-  .

  ,   :

" ,    . ,  ,     ,    ,      ...  , 5 , ,     "{213}.

   .            ,       ,     -.          ʸ,    .   10  -         .    ,  ʸ                  .

   -         . 12        " "   -.     2-  4-   ,     [229]     .          170      13-     13 {214}     " ".     ,  ,     ,   .  14   ,        . 1-    50-    --      .       8-    ,           .   ,   :    ,    ,          .

  ,    1-  ,          .     , 1-     15 .  50-    ,          .                    ,       -.       ,  200 ,     .

30- ,       ,       17 ,         -     .    .

18       ,    ,  20- [230]  .       180     . 

   - X. .     2-   (  ), 32-   ,  50  ,       ,       .    ,      25     .     .      ,          .

 ,      -   -,      .      ,    , 20-    90-  .            .

 ,       .         --  -.  20     .      ,          .         .         .       ,          .   ,    ,     .

    .            .      .             ,     .        ,     \231]   ,        {215}.

  ,       .    ,     ,  .     -   .   21      ,       30 . .

   ,   . 23           -.         --.      27 .        -,            36 .    - 30 ; 8-     ,   .

        ,           .  ,    ,    .    50   75  ,   ,         .         ,       .

 27      ,  ,      65    -  ,  ,         .      ,       ,          .      ""    ""      .  14  16       -       [232] . ,   ,    ,       16 .       ,  , 6 , 2  ,   12  ,        .           .     .

                   .               .     ,     ,     ,      .        ,       ,     .          , ,    ,    ,   ,        .      ,   .   )        ,       .

          ,    ,       ,      .             .             ,                ,       -     .  ,          : "        ,   [233]           ?       3 "{216}.

   ,   : 

"          ,      .  ,            ,     ,              .       ,  .       ,    -   .        ,        "{217}.

   ,      ,  ,   ,    .        1914-1916 .       ,    .

4.    1941/42 .

           ,     .   ,       :    - .

7  1941 .   .    .  -         -          40- . ,   , 8   ,           .    ,   ,     ,     1812 .  ,      , : 

"  . [234]      ,          .    ,   ...         .         .       ,     1917 .     .   ,    1917 .,  "{218}.

     :   .   , , ,  ,     ,   .      ,                .

   .  ,        ,        .       ,  ,           .   ,   ,       ,     .         ,        .           , , ,       ,  ,      1812 .

    ?      ,  ,   ,     .       ,    ,   {219} ,    .  ,   .       ,      [235] ,     ,      .

          :  -    -   ;  -  - ;  -  - ;  -  - .        , , , , .             .            ,  .      , , , , , ,   .     .    ,      .           .

       ,     ,    .       ,            .           . ,      ,    ;      ,   .

        ;        .   ,                . ,          ,    "", "",      .             ,      ;      .

 ,         ,           .    [236]     .     ,        .   -   .       ,  ,  ,      "".        ,       .      .   .  "  " : 

"    ,      .   ,           .       "{220}.

    .         -    . 16                ,   .    -      -   .     .    26 ,            30 .   -       ,       "".

      -    - "",         -  ;      .   ,    ,        ,  .  ,       50 . 20-22    ,   65        40   .

 ,  ,   9   ;       .      , ,     , [237]    .               . ""  ,     ,        "" - .    ,              30   .

     ,   ,    .      ,      ,    .    1942 .             . 22       16-     ,   ,     .

               ""    ,  - 3  1942 .    ,    ,   ,         ,      .

      : -,       ,     .    ,    .  ,     .       ,   , ,   , "        "{221}. -,       "",             ,              . -,      ,     .     ,         [238] ,           .  ""      "  1941 ." ,     ,      -      .

5.    1942 .  

         ,      .   ,       ,   ,                 .      .

  ,     ,      ,  -       .

          1941 .,          1942 .?      ;        .       .        ,       ;       ,        .  ,     ,      . ,   :    ,       .  ,         ,     .  ,        , , , ,         . [239] 

,    1942 ., ,   {222}:     , , ,      :     ,       , .         {223}.

   ,    " ,         -      XXV   "{224}.       : ,  , -  10 ,  -  25 ,  -  10 ,  -  15 , ,    , -  10 . [240] 

      ,    ,         :         ,   ,        .    ,   ,    , .       ,  ,     ,           . ,        ,    ,    ,    ,  ,   ,     . ,       .   -     ,    -     .  1914 . - ,     ,    .  1942 .,    ,        .       ,     , , ,   ,    250 - 350    , ,    ,               ,              ,   ,    .

{225},      ,    .       ,   1941 .,    .     400     250   , -     ,  ,  , [241]    .      ,     .   "" ,  ,       .       :

"     ,        ,     :   ,  ,       ,    ...          ,      ..."{226}.

     28 ,     . 8    ,   12-   ,         13 .      , 12   ,    ,       .         ,   16         "" ()         . 19       .      ,       .             . 1      ,        .

       ,    .        20 ,  - 8 .     75 .     . 1    ,      [243] [244]   50 .      25 .  ,    .  ,      .

                        .      :     -  2- , 2-     ,      ;     -  6-   4-       ;    17-   1-       ;         .        ,       12-    ;           {227}.

 ,       ,       , ,              ,       .

22                .  28    ,    . 1         . 2           .     ,   5            -   , .

   , ,   ,            .

6  7             ,    ,     , [245] ,        .  ,   ,      . " , ...    ,  ,   , ,     "{228}.

  ,     .     ,      ,       .              .

 12        -       - ,    1-      .        20 .        ,    27 .

"   ...       .     ,       ...        "{229}.

         , -,            ,                .          .

   ,     .            ,          .       .      :        ,  ,      ,   , , , ,     [245]      .   ,   , , ,   .    -   ,  -           , .   ,  ,   .

          .             ,    .     ,   ,       ,         ,    .

                 ,          ,       . 15      ,   25     .  ,   ,    .            . 9      -,       .  ,    .

    ,   ,   ,      . 4   , 8       , 20    , 25         ,  100    ;    . , 10   -     - . -  ,  ,     {230}  [246]      .      .  ( )  ,        500 . ;      ,      .      ,      2 - 2,5  , ,   .     ,   .

        .                 .

            ,    ,    .   ,          ,    -          .  , ,  ,     ,  , ,        .         .     ,     ,      {231}.

  15 .        ,         ,      ,  , [247] .          ,   ,      .  -  ,    ,         ,      -    ,     ,       .

        ,  15                    . ?    :   ,      .    ,  ,        {232}.       . ,      ,       .

 ,        ,             .      ,          , ,     .    ,    ,     ,   ,   -       ,    .

      1200       1300        ,   .       1000        - 600 .   ,        ,        ;   ,    ,    [248]     ,             , ,      .

    1942 .     , ,      -   , ,       ,      .

 6  1941 .            184 .  126 .,      30%.     .  :   - 38%,     - 50%,    - 60%,    - 50%,   - 33%.

,       :    ,    .       .          ;   ,             .     ,     - .   ,   XII    ,  ,  .

      1709 .     .      .    ,      , : "      :     ,       ,              "{233}.

    ,       .    ,     ,            . [249] 


 .   

1.   

        :                   -  .

   ,       ,  ,           ,    .     ,    ,  ,    -      ,   .

        ,     .        ,                    ,      .  , ,      ,     ,            .     :   ,        ;    ,         ;    -   ,         .          ,              -. [250] 

     .            ,   .                 .      ,                       .        ,              .

   ,               .       ,             .       .  ,           .   ,      ,   ,    ,        :       ,        .

        ,       :      ,        .

       ,    ,    . ,            ,                     .  ,      ,        ,      ,    ,  ,    ,    . [251] [252\

,   ,    ,    ,    .   ,         ,        .

   ,                        .         ,       .                -,      ,   ,    .                                .

         ,    , ,   ,    23  1942 .     ,     - ,     ,   ,  -  . ,              -  .

 ,          .         ,           ,             . , ,   800       -      ,         .                   [253]            ,   .

      ,        .

 ,      : -,         ,        -, -,          .                      ,        . ,        .

2.      

    ,            ,   .                ,     ,    -          .   1942 .          ,    .     ,    ,          ,   -        -   ,        .      , 7           ,       .   ,     -   ,   "-".       [254] [255]      ,   6 .

       -        .     9 .       - "" (), "", ""  "",     ,    .

    ,       .          . 23-25         ,               .         ""  "".    11  12       ,  16       . ,  ,    .      ;     .     ,     : " ,       .     ,     ,    : "     ?"  : ",        ,   "{234}.

        -,        ""     "".         -;     .   13  14       -         {235}.     .   2 .   [256]       : 

"  -         ,           .          ,  ,             .                 .       ,       .  ,       ,     ,      ,    "{236}.

    ,       30       . 

"   5  ,   , -   , - ..   .  , ,  ,   :  , ,  , -           .  , ,    ,      .  ,        ,     "{237}.

,    ,       ,        .   ,       , 1     .    7  8 ,   10 .         ,     .         .        ? [257] 

    ,     . -,            ,        -              . -,              .   - .     ,     ,          . -,  ,            :    ,        ,         {238}.

21-22       :         ,        .          .   ,      .              .

26        ,      2 . ,      .     ,     .             , ,      700  , 29         [258] .  ,        -      ,    ,                    .

 ,        ,   .               ,      .         .      .   , ,  15           ( 30    ),      , 10     -. ,  , 3     .

  ,           .   ,    , : 

"       ,  -               ,     .          .         ,   ,              .      ; 80%       ,   20%   ,       "{239}.

        . ,    [259]  ,       .       -    : 

"       ,        .           : ,   .     3600          15 . -        -      .         ,     ,        2 .  .  ,         .  105-       -17.      .       "{240}.

       ,      ,   ,     .         ,   -     ,      ,  .    ,   ,   .             .   9 ,  - 3  1943 .   -  19 ;     .

 ,   ,  ,  [260]    , -,   .      ,  15   ,   -         -  .   1942 .     - ,       300 .   ,      3300 ,     ,    {241}       600  . ,   ,  ,           29 ,   400   ,     .       1200  ,  .        25- ,       .    .

, 3-4      - .      ,   ,       ,       . "    - , -       . , -   1 , 3   13 .  ,  ,  61 , 22     - 15 . {242}.

 ,    ,         ,  ,    .    ,       .       ,   [261]       .        .

3.      

   -    ,              ,       .         4   6  .                    :     - .

22  23                 -   .    ,                , ,         .      14- ,    - . ,   ,           -.       -  5     ;     25 .      ; 9      ,  26  -       .

  ,       ,      ,       ( ).   29-30      ,   11       -  ,      .      .     ,    [262] ,          .         .          ,    4      .            , 19  - .       ,   .

"           "   ".       200   .  ,       ,  5-    1700         36    .

       .  48  -25        .  6  -20   ,       96  -47.     5  -17,   ,  3  -17   ,      . 46  -38  -47     ,    -,      , 4  -17  24  -24     "{243}.

  11 ,      16 .       ,     ,      -    2 .            ,      .             - . [263] 

            ,  1          {244}.         3 ;      .      ,   ,      .     . , 14       -,  150     .    ,       .        20 .       .

  ,              ,                 .   15         ;        .  26      .             ,        ,      .     .      ,  .    "       ,       [264]      "{245}. 29  1944 .   : 

"     ,        ...           100   "{246}.

 10                   .        160   .

     ,        ,          ,       .   ,   . ,   : 

"                  ,          ,        ,   .       ,      .              ,          .         ,    ,             "{247}.

       ,     ,  250    .    ,        .     () [265] ,        -,  29 ,    . 6       .        ,      .                .         ,  690    . ,         ,   .

       .          .       ,  ,  -  ,      . , ,      ,     ,  ,     .      [266]       ;          ,     600   .      18- ,   .        .  ,        ,        .  ,        .    : "   ,    ".  ,   ,   .

       ,          .          ,      .

22     -   ,     -    .      .  30       ;        50 . , 12        ,   2       .

       . 17      .       ,       .     41-     ,  330    .   ,       .    8 . ,     ,   22             .            .

30            ,   ,   ,  [267]       .     ,    ,     .    120     ,    2-       15 . .      ,         ;     600   -  .

 ,  12       1300         135 . ,       . " , -   ,  -       .       ,         .    ,                "{248}.

       . , ,    ,        ,      .     15         -  . 

" , -  , -    .  ,     -  ,     30 .       ,    200  500 .       5 .     -    :      ,      .     ,       ,  " {249}. [268] 

 ,      300   .       ,       ,             . .     1942 .           .      .

4.      

                   .         .

,    ,      :           .     ,    ,        . ,         - ,          ,   ,     .   ,   :  , , -   .  ,         18      , ,        .             ,     .

  18    ,  ,      .            .   1943 .      800 ,   ,     - 1000.      , ,    [269]     ,     .  ,      .     - , , ,     -          ;           .         ;      .       "  ,    "{250}. ,   ,  ,   ,     .     ,    - ,  ""{251}.         , , , ,    ,  .  ,               .

              .            ,  ,    ,    ,     ,     .  ,                   ,    ,      ,     .  ,                  ,      .  , [270]        ,      ,     .      ,   ,      ,           .

 1943 .            . 24  27         ,  31  -   ,    ,                .      ,  ,            . 4  6       .

        ,    ()       .        1 ,    -    .    23 ,  -  24 , ,   ,   .

                .     2700     1200  ,     ,    1026    2556 {252}.

      ,             .     ,  ,    [271]                .          .

     , 500  -  .         ,   ,   . 1  1944 .             ,        8 . 2  4-        ,     8 .  19  22     .

     : 

"             .        ,          . ,   ,  ,     .     ,       .         ,  "{253}.

              . ,                ,  ,   ,        ,               .                .         . 29           . [272] 

        ,   .  10  12       . 15  2-  4-   ,    27-  ,    .       ,       -  ,            ,                 .      ,      . 

         ,   ,        . ,        ,  , -,   ,            . .   ,        ,        .    ,     : 19   ,     ,  .    ,      ( .   353  : 335 -     18 -   . 20         ,        300   -   .       .             {254}. [273] 

    25 .     9 ,       .   ,   23 . ,   21 036 .     ,   15 053 ,    2359 , 11 481   1213   .                  . 

     . 21     77-    3-   . 10     . ,                 , 24    2-  4-         .

       ,    8 ,  3-        -     . 15          .  ,                    .     .

    ,    ,       .       ,        1917 .,        . -,          .        .     ,  ,    ,  1917 .          "" - -,  ,      ,       [274]  , ,     , ,     .      ,         .   ,          .

5.    

  ,         ,   ,     , . ,   ,   ,  ,     .           .       ,     ,         .

       -.      .           .  -     ,        -,   . ,     ,           (   ) .         (600-700 )   .         ,         -. ,            .   ,    ,      -     1200 ,      ( )  {255}. [275] 

 ,     3  1942 .     ,        -{256}.   . 14       ,         .  ,          ,    ,     .    1943 .     .       ,  70     ,      .  1943 .,      ,       . 11 ,  ,   [276]  ,                 2350 ,   .       . 15          .         ,     ,  .

6.       1942-1944 .

     .          . -,      . -, ,     ,  .            .     ,     ,         ,       .

         ,    ,    .   ,          ,  ,                .   ,       ,   "      "{257},    " ",       23 . ,   .

       ,      .   , ,    [277]     , "  1942 .          "{258}.  ,    1941 .   ,         ,          .             .   1941 .      ,      .           ,    1942 .   ,   ,    ,      .      -   ,                 .   ,        ,          .  ,         -        ,         13 .         ,   ,  2 .        1942 .

 1943 .          . ,    14-  ,    1942 .   1943 .      . ,      ,    ,    ,       ,    .       [278]   . ,        .   (77-   ),   ,   ,        ,        .            .           .   ,        ,   ,             ,       . 

   1943 .     .     -    .           .

      -  (SEAC){259}    -  . {260}  -     {261}.            - . .          :

1.       1943/44 .

2.               ,  .

3.        ,    . [279] [280] 

4.        10 .  20 .   .

5.            -.

      ,    ,      .   -   .        .      ,          .    ,       23 .       "   "{262}.

   :

1. -    (22-  38-          . )       (  )    .  ,    ( ),   120     , -     ,        -    -       , .

2. 3-   ( )       ,     ,    ,        .     , ,   ,     .

3. 15-   (5-  7-   81-  )   - .                .     , ,       ,      . [281] 

,    {263},     ,     1944 . 15-      11   .        , ,      , ,   ,   ,    .

      :               ,     .       .          .           ,     .        ,    ,     ,             .  ,          ,          .

       7-     6 :    .     ,   ...       .   .   21         1500  , , ,    ,     ""{264}.            . ,  [282]       ,            .

500    ,    1942 .   ,            1-  ,    .            .  4           20   .

            ,                 50   .    -     .   ,  17 ,     ,  ""       ,    .

          3-   ( ,   ),      5 .     ,    ,        .        -  12 .          18- ,     .  , 24  -     ,   - . .

3-  ,    ,       : 1)        ; 2)        ; 3)         4) ,      .

 ,           ,   .     [283]     .         .     ,   4 ,  80  ,   .

               .  1945 .,       ,   : "     ,      .           1943 .      1944 .        25 .  100 . ,        ,   ,      .    ,   ,     "{265}.

   ,      . , "     -46  -47                     .            ,        -             .      ,    ,   230   ,      "{266}.

      ,     ,           .       :   ,   , ,   ,   [284]     ( ),    ,  ,     4-     ,     -,    " "  ""    .

      ,       ,     ,           ,    . ,                 ,      -   .  ,     .  .  ,  ,   ,                   ,          ,             " ".

15       ,   100     .       17-  ; 22    ,  60   ,  20-  .      -  . 2      - ,  5   .           , 5-       .  -     ,    -,    ,    .           .       ,  ,   ,     .

    .          [285]   ,              .

" , -    . . -       ""    : , , , ,   , ,  ,  , ,    ...      .    ,      ,    ,      .       30 .   "{267}.

 7     .  ,   50%   ,          ,    , -      .        .      ,     .    .

7.  

,    ,   ,      1919-1939 .  ,           .

  ,    ,  ,     ,     ,        .   ,    20         ,  ,        ,   ,     ,      ,  ,  [286]   ,  ,       .

     ?     ,      .          .   ,            ,         ,  .

   1919  1939 .   ,          ,         . ,   ,    , -    .

         , ,      .       ,    ,         .  ,          , : 

"                  ,     ,           "{268}.

  : 

" ,               12 ,    .      ,  ,             ,     18 .     3         ,      54 .  ,        60    [287]  ,           ,  ,          .  ,           - ,         ,      ,    .     ,      ,      .         ,        "{269}.

         " 1180 .  ,   ,   1380 .       .  " "              71 . "{270}.

 ,    ,      ,     ,         ,          .    , ,  ,    .  ,  ,   ,    ,   ,  ,    .

      ,    .    ,    ,    ,    ,     ,      ,     ,   ;            .      ,      ,    [288]    ,       ,      ,       ,  ,   .

               : 

1)     ;

2)      ,              ,           .

       ,   -   ;                   .

     ,   ,   1919-1939 .,    ,      1916 - 1917 .    .

     ,        , , ,        .

    ,   ,       ,            ,      .  ,       ,       ,    ,    ,     -   ,           . [289] 


 .     

1     1940-1944 .

   ,          ,   . ,     ,     .   "Correspondance" ("")        . "Un mauvais general vaut mieux que deux bons"{271}, -   .

     14  1796 .  :

"Si vous affaiblisse vos moyens en partageant vos forces, si vous rompez en Italic 1'unite de la pensee militaire, je vous le dis avec douleur, vous aurez perdu la plus belle occasion d'imposer des lois a l'Italie" {272}.

   ,    1917 .   , , ,    .     1918 .                   .              1940 . [290]        ,          :       ,      {273}.

           -   .        ,      -,      .

   ,    1939 ., ,   1922 .      ( 22,  II, " "),   .  : 

"      ,         ,     ,      , "{274}.

 , 2  1939 .,        ,       ,   "        "   .        .     - ,     15  1940 .,  : "    ,      [291]           ,   "{275}. 

  10    - -      . 

     ?

21  1917 .   ,     :

"            .  ,          .                    .   ,     ,       -    ,       .     ,      ,     . ,         ,    ,        . ,      .

              ,               .  ,       ,      "{276}.

  ,    ,       .   1940 .   -,   -,    ,         ,      ,     [292] ,          {277}.

11      .    .  : 

" ()      ,        .   ,    ...        ,        ,      ,           ,    1940 .    ,  , ,  .   .      ,       " "{278}.

 ,   ,    -   ,    -     ,     .

         ,      .       ,                .      4  1940 .   "  ".

 : "      ".      ,    {279}. [293] 

    ,         ,    1917 .        ,      1940 .             ,    -      .               ?              ,   ,         ,       .  ,    , ,  .     ,   ?

               . ,         130 .            , ,    ,          .      , , ,  .     ,      ,     ,          ,    ,     .      ,        90%  .

      .    ,     ,   -      , ,   ,  [294]      {280}.  , ,     .     ,        (      ),      .

     , ,       ,               .   ,   ,     1944 .     : 1)  , 2)  .

      .    1940 .   1942 .      "" ,       .     1942 .   1944 .        ,    . 

  ,   ,   ,       .     , , ,   .            " "{281} : 

"               ,         ".

  ,   , 

"       ,    [295]        .   ". 

 ,            12 ,     1940 - 1942 .    ,    .      ,   ""     "" .

         .    ,  "              ",  ,  "        ".   ,    , "",     "  1942 .    1943 .,    ".

  1943 .,     ,             : "    ,             ,         ".        ;               .

        .      ,         12 .  .    14      {282},         ,       , ,  [296]    ,   "  ,              ".

     ,     ,   .        -51 "" -     .      ,   [297]    1944 .       .      : 

"   . ,    1944 .   ,  ,  39 807   .  1939 .   8295 ,   1942 . - 15 596,        ...  ,      ,      ,   ,   ...      ,    ".

        .       .               .        -   ,    1944 .     .    ,  

" 1944 .             -  4375 ".

 ,            ,      "    "{283},    "         1944 .".         :

"   , ,    ,                  .          ". [298] 

 " ,   1944 .        3     ,   1942 .".

" 1944 .  -    3      1942 ."

" 1944 .      8  ,   1942 .".

" 1944 .            ;           1944 .        ".

         ,   ,      , "    ".        29  1942 .    .   ,             ""     " ".  ,      ,   ,     - "" ,     ,   .             ,      ,    ,    .

   .      ,     .     31     ;    1130 ,    2 .  .       250 {284},   ,       ,        5 .   ,   ,  11 .  14 . .

   , ,      ,   [299]     .        ,  ,  2    , : 

" ,      ,             ,      "{285}. 

 , [300]         .

    .     1943 .           .  7500  .          ,     55-60%,  75-80%     .      12,5 . ;   30 .    ,   60 .  100 . ;  300 . .    750 . .       :

"      ,    .      2,5    ,    ,   , 1-1,5 .       ;         .  1-1,5           11  33 /.   ,  ,  , ,   ,          3 .        ,    .    .      ,   .          "{286}.

   ,     ,     . ,      .          ,   ,   [301]  "     "{287}. ,  -,  , :

"     ( ).    ,    ,       ( )"{287}. 

    . ,   , : 

"       ,            "{288}. 

    ,          .

              :

",             . ,         ,            ,    ,    ...      ". 

     ,  

"       ,    ,      ,    ...          ".

  ,         ,      .       ,    .     :     61      100         [302] ,  25 ., "3600 .      ,   20%    ; 7,5 .    ,  300 .    780 .  ..."        .        ,     ,       :  ,      .    ,          ,      ,        ,     .       .

    ,  ?  ,     ? ,    ,          ,      -  .

 1940 .,   ,     ,         ,        .       -.          1940 ., ,      ,      .   ,     ,    ,      - .    ,       .      ,     ,          ,        .

  ,  ,   ,     ,     .    ,    [303]   ,    ,         . ,            ,          .

 ,   ,     ,       .

      .          . ,                        ,  ,     .      , ,  ,    "     40-50%    ". ,  50-60%      .   ,  2  1944 .    ,     , : 

"         ,      ,     ,           ,      "{290}. [304] 

   ,      ,            -   ,          ,    ,           ,  "        "{291},            : 1)      -,                    ; 2)     ,     ,     ; 3)     ,         ,     .

          "  "  -   .

 ,             ,    ,   ,           1942 .,   -         .       :         1944 .     .     ,    ,        . [305] 

2.   -      

           ,   .    1942 .  ,      .   ,     ,         .        ,             {292}.  24         1943 .    ,        , -      - {293}        .
 
          19        ,  .    , , ,         -  .           13 ,   ,   12{294}. ,   ,               .   ,     .      :  [306] .    ,  - .    8- .

         ,    ,     .  ,     . ,   ,       ,        {295}.

   ,   ,       ,       .     ,    -  .  ,   -,    40       ,      ,  .         15          --.          40    ,                   -- .          L.      L        ,      .

   30  31 ,   ,   .        .    ,      ,         .     (15-  21-   90-  )  20-   (  ""  "").       ,       --,    [307]             .     ,         .     ,             .  ,  3   ,  4, 5  6     . 7       ,          .   ,  ,   ,   ,  8-     ,      .

,     ,          {296},     {297}    ,    .       ,       .         ,  .    ,   .        , ,   30     ,       .

 ,  8-    , ,    8   4  .     96 . ,       .    500-600 ,      .      10-, 12-  30-  ,    - . , - .   - '.     7  , 3    7  ,   150 .   1114 ,    128  [308] [309] ""  267  ""{298}  ,          . ,   ,     ,  30   ,   .            ,           ,    . ,         ,  96 .    ,    40- ,    .        , ,                .    ,     ,   , ;        ,               ,    .

  ,         ,          .      ,       ,          ,            ,        .     ,           ;       ,         ,    . [310] 

      :   30- ,      ,        ; 10-  (1-  10-    2-  )           ;   13-   7-       ,  21-       . 

       ,    .

            1916-1917 .   ,          .    ,       ,         .     ,         -    -. ", -  , -       .     ,    . ."{299}.        ,  :

"...     .    ,       "" (  )   ,       "{300}. 

"        ,  ,   ,      "{301}. 

     ,      .       ,   .   9     23 .         ,   ,    ,  , ,  ,  ,    [312] [313]   -      .    "700 ,   23           . 

    9 . 40 .  1000      6 .  20 .      30-  13-      .  5 . 30 .  24    30-           .  7 .      -  .

   1-  10-      .      13-   ,  7-         . j 24  30-     .

       ,  26   ,                   30-  10- ,       .    .

     . 13-      , 10-    ,  30-         ,   ,    .

28    ,        ,    90-  ,     9-  .      1 .    30-     ,  2   1        4000 .    ,     ,     .  9 .   ,     15-  21-  .    10-   1-  10- [313]    .       --.    2  3     . ,    ,        ,      ,   . 7  8  8-    -.

    -,                 .    : 59 . ,   ,    34 . .   500 , 400    .   13,5 .  ,     .    432 .

           ""  "",   {302},         ,            ,    {303}.     ""     , ,   ,        50-  ,       "" . "  , -  , -         "",      ... 50-  " {304}.         "".  ...     50-  ,        "{305}.

   ,         -       [314]   ,          -   ,   .

 8-    -  ,   ,  "   ",   ",    "{306}. "  -  , -  .      .   ,     -      "{307}.            ,         .       8-    ,  :

"     ,   ,       ,       "   ".      .        -  ,      ,             .     ,        ,   ,   -  ". 

     .   ,           ,   "     ".     "           ".    : 

"     -  . ,  ,  "  ",             .           "{308}.

    13 ,   -  14 ,   - 20 ,   - 25  [315]    - 23 .   1400-       .      .

  ,  "         "{309}.   ,       ,    ,                  .   ,      1942 .,  : 

"       3  ,  .   ,          .    10  ,      .         - "{310}. 

  : 

" ,           ,        "{311}.

         .   ,  

"...  ,            ,         .           ... ,    ,    .           "{312}. 

?     . ,           ,        . ,            ,          .  ,         -    [316]  - ,    -         -      ,         .        , ,         ,       ,          .    ,       .

3.       

     , ,    ,          -.         ,              .    ,         ,        .           .      : "      ,      ,       ...          -  ,  , ,  ,     -      ,    "{313}.  ,  ,     ,                  .       ,   .         - [317] . ,     .     ,   -      ,   .    - .   - . .        1-    .      ,            - ,    1500 . , 9      8 ,  5   . ,    ,     .

        ,   ,   ,   ,     .   , -,   :   ,   . -,   ?        .     , ,  ,        .        , ,   ,      ,        ,      {314}.      ,       ,     .

       25 ,  7            -,   ,       . ,    {315}, , ,      ,      : "   8 .      ,        .       ,  [318]     "{316}.  ,     .    ,      ,  11    ,               ,    {317}.                 .

      ,        ,      . -,     ,       27    . -,               .      - () 9 .          .       1000     .       .         , , ,            8     "". [319] [320] 

    1942 .          .                  .      ,  ,     ,        ,       :            ,         . ,     ,       .     ,           .

 ,       . 11  1942 .   1-             ,    ,         ""    .      15      .           --   .          78-  1- ,  ,    . 15        ,  25    --,  30   -  .   3      , .

                   .  29        .    --  300 .      ,    ,      ,         .      .    1-   --, [321]      ,    -- (-),  .          .      .

    8-   .      -   ,     . 13    8-         -.

  8-     ,       ,     ,         18-  ,    ,   .       .         ,      . - .       - . -     .              -           .

               . ,       ,  1- ,          8- .      ,               1-  34-  ,   , .              .         , , ,       ,     ,    [322] 8- ,    ,        .

     ,   14     20     .        ;              1- ,       ,  ,         1-  8- .      ,      ,  23    . 6      8-   ,        .          ,     ,      8-    .

 ,        .       .         ;                .

,   ,   .       ,    - -    ,   50      80  ,       ,    .    ,  -,   ,  40   ,    -   -     -,    .    .

      --   -,     150    .   ,    .    .  30-    ,         2-    8-     -, [323] [324]       ,     ,         . 10-      .        ,      .

        ,     8-  ,        ,    ,           ,        ,      -.

  ,               ;   ,  8-  "     ,    ,   ".   ,       : "  .     ,     .     ..." "       40          .  16   ""   5   ""                      .         ,  .  ,    " "       "{318}.

20   10 . 30 .  50-  30-          -,      ,  22      15-   90-  . [325] 

  ,       ,    ,    10-   1-    23        2-  .  30-  7-  ,      50-              .

  2-      -,        -  6 .  .    10-   1-  ,    ,   26             . "  , -   , -          ,    "{319}.

 ""   .    .   ,    .       -,        .  ,     30- ,       ,   27    [326]             -,    2,5 .  .

              . ,                   .       ,     .    5  19    147      31 .

        6        -     .        .   7  1-  8-     .

      , 19        .            .  4  1-     -  26   ,  3  1-   2-    .

 ,       ,    -,     ,    ,       :   ,      . ,         .

     .        2-   (1-, 9-, 34-   1-  ),    -     8- ,  ,    1-, 4-  78-  1-       ,    9- ,    4-   6-   1-   4-   , 201-    7-     [327] 8- .     - . .       -       .

     . -,       ,     130 . -,         .    9-         3000 .      , ,        ,          .     6 .

             , "...     --  , -   , -   2146 ,      , -   ,      , -        6000 .      --  "{320}.

       ,  1000     ,   3  30 .         ,         .    ,                   .  11 .         ,   6-  7-      .       ,      2  30 .           .  ,  [328]    .          . 7          .

    ,        .              ,   ;           .   ,   ,        .       -,   -    .

         ,   6-      -,         ,   ,     .        .

8     6-     -,        .       :

"  10 .    .       , ,       ,     .     .       ,      .    .     , , ,   .     ,      ,         ...    ,        ,    ,       . ,        ,  ,     "{321}. 

  : "      , [329]       "{322}.   ,   .

12    .    252 415     .   .         .   .               .

        .   ,     -   .     -     ,       .       .  ,     .         ,      ,     ,     -    , ,          ,     ,        ,   ,   ,   .

 ,   ,  ,        ,    ,    .        ,     -,          ,   ,  ,   1916-1917 ., ,   ,  ,            .        .    ,         ,       . [330] 

4.       1942/43 .

             ,         .     ,       , ,  ,    ,  ,  ,      ,      .    1942 .,    1941 .      ,          .   ,              ,        .  ,      : -,      ; -,              . 

                  ,   ,      .    ,   ,          .   : 1)    ; 2)        ; 3)    ; 4)     (),        .         , ,     , , , ,    {323}. [331] 

       ,         .

,   ,   ,    .            ,     -       .        ,     .

       ,   .  1941/42 .    ""    ,         -  .     ""    .    ,         1942 .     .            ,          "",     .   1941/42 .               "",       1942/43 .  ,                ,        .    ""        .

 "  ",  ,   ,         ,      ,        ,         .        ,          .      ,     "", , ,      "".     ""  . [332] 

     .   ,     ,      ,     .   ,    ,      ,        . "    ,   ,      "{324}.      :       ;        ; ,         ,    ;      .     . "      ,     "{325}.     ,    ,   .        ,         .      ,    ;     ,         .     .

             6-  .    22     300 . .                .  -        350      ,   6-      .          ;    ,    [333]              ,  175             .            , , ,          .

        .     :     ' ,                  . ,             . ,   ,        .  [334]              -  -,     .  ,    ,      ,     ,         - .                       -    .                  -.   , ,        ,      , ,      ,        .         19 ,  ,         .

       ;              - .         .          ,      , 20   .

       6-    .      .       ,    ,     !

    .    -        -       -      ,         .      ,  [335]        .   ,   28          ,       ,        . 30      50   ,     19   10    600 .

       ?          ,    25     ,    ,     .   ,             . 11-     , 17- -  , 6- -  ,  24-      -  .

    150 . ,       -    12        .       .      ,  16       ,    ,     ,     ,       8-  .             ,       ,         -        - .           27        ,    .  ,     .     -;  6-     .        . 2  J943 ,;  . .      ,    ,        .      [336] ,         .

   6-  ,       ,      .     ,      .   .   {326},               ,       .    ,   8   6-    ,         .   ,    . 31   ,     ,    .       6-  - 22 500   .

  ,    10   2      91 . , 100 .      .           ,      . ,     19    ,      ,     60 .  ,     ,      120 . .  ,   7 .   5 . {327}.    ,          "".

, ,         ,           .          ,    .      ,   ,  ,     .

  ,    19       [337]  ; 10 ,    ,      .          .   22     2- -    ,         . 7  ""     .     .            "", ,     ,   , 16     . 

     ,         .         , , .     11 .        ,     .     ,   ,         ,   ,    ,   ,       .     ,    .    ,         :    ,   ,     ,  .  ,         ,     ,   ,      ,        .

      25 ,   12   (     -   ),  21       .                  . ,     ,      ,  ,   . ,      . [338] 

  ,    ,    ,       , ,      ,    ,  .      ,           8       . 12      ,          .      ,             .    ,         .

     , ,  ,   ,      1942/43 .     1940 .           .   :

1.            ,     "",    ,        (  ).    ,       .      ,    .      ,              ,    ,     .

2.   ,    ,         (   ),   :    ,      ,          .     ,    ,    ,      .

   ,    ,          [339] 1942 .,         ,       ,   ,         :    ,       ,      .                 .

       1941/42 .     1942/43 ., , ,      ,      ,  . ,    , ,     ,        .  ,      ,       ,               ;             .

,       .       ,      ?      ,       .       :    ?         . ,      ,     ,     ,            ,    {328}.

      ,   6-     "   ",   ,  ,      .    ,       [340]       ,        .      ,      1944 .            ,      ,           .    ,  -            .  ,            ,        ,    .

       -      :     ?  ,     ,         ,   ,          .  , , ,    :   .

    ?       1943 .     ,       " "  .          {329}.

       ? -,          ,      ,   ,  [341]    .        {330}.

     ,        .         ... -,               .              . [342] 


 .    

1.  

,      ,         :    ?

           .       ,           .       , ,   ,     .

,          45      {331},  ,    1915 .{332},         {333}.           ,     ,      ,    :    ,               .

,       ,        ,           ,     ,      . ,      ,  ,         [343] .          ,       ,   ,         ,     ,      ,     ,        ,       .

         ;          -   , .       . ,    ,   ,           {334}, ,    ,     ,   ,          .

 ,      ,      ,     .    ,        .           11 . .                 .   ,         .  18   11        6570  .         "     "{335}.        "    [344]   "{336}.     ,     ,        11 ,     " "{337}.  ,     ,    "  ",   ,    {338}   ,  " 54          "{339}. ,    ,     -      . ,   ,  ,  "          "{340}.

   ,  ,         ,          ,          ,    ,     .  1915-1917 . : " ,  ".   : " ,    ".

,                .  ,  ,   ,  ,    - "   "{341}. [345] 

      .      7-              8-          ,  .     . 7-      .,           ̸. 8-       ,    .    ,  [346]      .        2600  2800    .        ,    .       , ,   . .        .

8       5   , 5    ,    ,  2_ : 15-   ,   " ".         .

9     -    400    137       .        .  -          ;  ,          . 10   2  45 .      . 8-      , 7-  -    .     ,         .  ,         ,      .

    ,       10 758 ,    ,        :       ,            ,   , , ,        .

   22    ; ,   , 7-  25   , 27  -   29  - .   11     11-  [347]            .   8-           .    ,     78- ,          ,              .           ,              .   ,    ,    ,         .

   ,       ,    ,       .   . : "     ,   ,    "{342}.  ,  16 ,        ,          ,    " "   15-   ,       .   -  ',    "    ,      ,             "  "{343}.    , '  .       ,  ,             .  -        .

  ,    ,     ,   [348]  {344}. 25     .       .    -      ,                .

 ,  ,           .                 .       :  {345},  - {346}    {347}.

 27   2         .

    ,      13 .       ,       ,     .           .    , ,    .   ,    .         ,         .    2      ,  8     .    ,   4-  ,   . [349] 

   ,  ,       ,               .    ,         .

 ,     38 ,      ,            .    ,   ,        .  ,      ,    , ,   ,      .                 ,   ,           , , ,        ,     .                   ,         ,  .

,         - ,       ,      . -,   ,   ,    ,       ,   .        ,           ,   .       ,    .    .

      - ,        .   ,     ,     [350]  . .  : 

"     ;        .            ,        "{348}.

,  ,  , 

"      .         .  ,  ,         ,  ,     . -,    ,   ,   ,           ,    ,          .  ,        ,        ,   .  ,          .   ,          ,  ,  ,    .       "{349}. 

  :

"  ,  ,     ,     .    ,    .       .       ,         ,        ,    "{350}.

        ? .     .     ,               [351]     .     ,     :        .    !

  ,   -,  "      , ,     ,              ,    . , , ,        ,       ,    ,     ,      ,      .     ,      .

2.   

            .       ,     -  .        ,   . ,    ,     ,   ,      ,   ,      ,      -    , -     ,     30 .      ,          ,     600 .  ,    , , ,        ,       .     ,      .   , ,    ,        [352]   {351}.   ,    ,     "          "{352}.     [353] ,  ,  ,      :

1. ,     .

2. ,   .

3. ,     . 

      .   : 8-    ,    ,  5-   - . ,     .

8-    .       ,    .   ,    ,    5-       .    ,          .    ,        .    ,          .     ,      - ,      ,   .  ,    , ,   ,  " ,         ,           "{353}.

 8-     3     .     .          .            " ".    ,    ,   , ,   ,        "" (      ),  "   -  "    . .     , ,     "    , [354]           "{354}.  ,  " ",    ,  , ,    ,    1915-1917 .

     8 .  78-  1- -  9   .      4   5-           .        . 11      -    5- .   .   ""  "",     ""    {355}.

       ,   -,   ,     15 .   .    " ,             D+5 (14 ),  7-      "{356}.

       : 

"      ...    ,     ...    ,   -   ...        ..."{357}.

    , 12-14 ,         .     ,        . 15   ,      ,  5-   . [355] 

16  8-    5-      40  - .

27    ,  1   .         , 20     ,  4  -  .           .

    ",            ,           "{358}.      ,        .   : "  5-  8-               .      8-      ",  "        .                      ,      "{359}.

    .    :       .       ,     ,       300 . ,    ,    , "    .          ...         "{360}.

 ,             , [356]   ,           .    : 

1)       ,     ; 

2)    , ,   ; 3)        ;

4)     ,      ;

5)              . 

       ;  ,   ,         ;    ,  ,  ,        .

,   ,      ,                 ,  6-     ,  ( 30   ).                   .   24  ,  ,            ,       .     , , - '   8- ,  - .     .

       17  18 .        ,         ,          .

 2   22 ,       , 6-   50 .        -     .     .    [357]   .    ,       , , -, ,        ,    .       .       ,   ,             .    - .                  ,     ,      .     ,   ,       .  6-       ,      .  ,           .

     ,  ,      ,    ,   .         .     ,      . .

   29 .  4   ,   .       ,      .     .   ,      ,   . ,    ,      .      ,           .      ,  ,  ,   .   ,   , ,        .

14     ,       [358]  .    225     453     .        ,       ,           ,   . -,         , -,      ,     . ,       ,       . 

         .        18 .      9 . ;          .      10 . .    2  .   ,  19       ,     .

     ,         ? ! , , : 

"       .       ...         .          ,     ,   "{361}.

    .  ,  

"...       ,          .  ,    3 .            ,         "{362}. 

 ,    ,    [359]   ,        .       . 15 ,      , ,  , :

"    ,     ".   ,  : "  ,     ,    ,      ,        "{363}.

          - . .    22      15 : 

"15   ,             .   ,   .     .    ,   .     .      .    .           .   900   900 .     8_ 30 . .    12 . .   2   ,   - 11   ,  -  3   .  9 .        10 .,   9  12 . -   15 .    ,            ,       ...       .        ,  5     .    ,      ,     ,      .                "{364}. [360] 

     .

       ,          1400      1 . .    ,              8- ,   3   .  ,               ,       ,       12 !

     ,    ,      , : 

",   ,  ...    ,     ...           ". 

   : 

"     ,         -   ,    40-50      .             36 ..    "{365}.          :     ,     .     ,     ,    1917 .    . 

  8 . ,  ,   .

       ,       .        .        25 .        75   .    ,      [361]        ,    " ".      ,        .

               .   11 .        .

        30  40 .   40 .,    .           ,   ,        ,  ,      ,  ,    .    16      . 17  ,     ,     18     . 4 ,   ,  ,  -      "  " -      ,   .            ,       .        -    , -      ,  .

3.      1943 .

    1943 .        ,     ,      ;        ,     .   ?

   ,   ,  ,     .      ,  ,      .       ,      Lebensraum,     [362]        Lebensraum.  ,         .  ,   -        .  ,  ,        , ,           .           ,  " ",       , , ,      .        ,        .

   ,          ,  ,   ,  ,    .       ,        " ".      Lebensraum    Festung Europa{366}.        " "       .         ,       ,        :  ,  .          ,   ,      .

         .  1943 .       .   ,      ,         .        ?        ,   ,   [363] [364]     ;        -    ,   ,    .       ,         100  ,         .  ,   ,              ,    -   .    -        .

,    ,          ,            .       .         ,      .        ?

       -   ,         , ,   ,  .

     .            ,       .        .      ,    ,       .

 -   ,     , -    ,       ,  ,         .                ,     .  , , ,  ,             1943 .,      , [365]    ,       .

         7  2   9  ,    - 10 , 1   7  .       500 .       .           -   .

     5   5 . 30 . .        ,      1939 .  ,         .             ,            .      ,      10 ,   -  30-40 .          ,   22       ,    ,        ,    .         ,  15       ,              ,       .        -       19-21    ,    4   .              .

 ,     :     ,       ,         .     ,          ,     . [366] 

           .         ,  ,    -   ,      -    . 11    ,          .      ,  16         - .  23           .          ,   . 30     ,  8     .      ,  1-1   17-  (,   14 ),     ,      .     ,  15       .         .     ,    ,         .    ,      -  -           """". 22    ,         .

   5   22     .   .            ,    . -,    ,    .        ,     "" .      -   ,         ,             .      ,  -  . [367] 

           ,       .       .      " ",              . ,    ,      . ,         ,   . 7   ,       .     ,      ,   .    ,     "".

11    ,   .          ,   . 5  6           .     ,   -     -  .

          :
 
" ,    ,     .   ,   .       .         . ,     ,  ,      .               . Ka     .      ,               .         4 .    .     1500 .     .        "{367}.

        ,        [368]   .            .      ,         .              ,      .                 . 17  ,         ,     .  21      20   .      ,      ,   .       . 2       ,  50     .   ,   ,   ,         , .    ,   ,    2-, 3-  4-  ,         ,    6-    . ,          -  - , ,     6-  ,    ,    4-            .   ,        .     1-         4    .   ,  6      .         5  -  , , 17  -   .          -.

  ,         [369]            . 12 ,  ,    ,  ,  6   6   -   150 . ,     ,   {368}.

19     ,     - .        ,   20   ,        .

     .        ,        .

4.      1944 . 

    1943 .     ,        -,      ,       {369}              ,         . ,     ,    1943 .          {370}. ,    ,   ,  ,         ,    ,  .      ,        ,       .      ,  29              .

               ,          .        :        ,      ,     ,   .          -     ,   ,      ,            .    ,          ,       ,    ,   ,    .

        ,      : ,   .    3 ,  -  4    -  6 .  ""   , "" -       "" -   .            .                -     [371] [372] ,  .            - ,     ,  .        ,      , , , , , , , .       .

   ,      ,       ,      ,          ,   .  ,        ,         ,     - ,             .          ,        ,       ,      ,    ,       ,                 ,     ,   .

     ,            ,  ,              .   ,      ,  ,   ,   1944 .   ,   ,      - ,           ,     ,          :  -  ,  -     -  .        . [373] 

     .   ,    . -,         ,     , -,                        - - .

24                    ,     . ,     , 31   .          ,  .         13        - .                 ,     -.        .    ,      -              .           .     7  ,  11  - ;     28   ,   -  15   -  .  18              .        ,    45   -,   -  65     .    ,    ;         ,          5-	, 18-  16-     . 5-     , 18-  -     ,  16-        -. [374] 

                             ,    .           ,        15 .         ,  16      ,       . 29   -,        . 12    .       ""    (  ),  23     .      , , .      .            .  ,      .

           -  ,        .             8      ( ), , .      8-    .      .              ,   17       .   ,    ,               ,        .   ,   ,      ,     .

  ,      ,  .    2     40 ,        [375] [376]     7     .        .       ,   -   .   ,    8   ,        -  ,      .

       ,           1-  ,           3-  4-      .

     250       - .   2-     ,     .          - ,     .

  . 4             60 .         60 ,     -   . 9       .

                    25   .       10         ,    500   12 .  .        ,      .    ,       .            ,    . 12    ,  15        (),     - ,   30      . [377] 

            -           .           1939 .;   21-24     .        ,  .  25         50 ,  27           .

          ,  ,    .  18  , 22- - , 25- -   26- - -.

27        75    (15   )   (35   ).  ,                  ,          ,         .

    ,      13        28      .    ,  10                  .

   ,   ,     .

  17-      ,   5   7  .             ,    1942 .      .     .      . , ,             ,      ,      . [378] 

     4-    . ,       ,     ,     ,          ,        ;            .

   ,    ,     ,    .        ,           ,   .

  8 ,    ,    ,      .   ,    ,      ,      -  .     [379]      .        (   ),    ,      ,    ,   20        .

  ,           ,    ,     ,   ,   ,     ,      .   : 11  ,         ,   ,     .           ,       .     ,   ,                    .  ,          ,      .      sauve qui peut{371}   .

    ,      .      6 .   3   ,          .           -    ,     17-  ,   .       ,   ,        .  12   .     1944 .             . [380] 

5.    

24 ,      ,       ,   ,   ,         .         - . .      3 ,          ,      5.       ,   "D"    1   5 .

    21     {372}    -    . ,         . -        .     1-  ,  82-  101- - ,   21-  .  1-    . . 21-     1-   - X. , 2-   - . , 6- -  - .     .

    ,          ,    , ,       ,     -  .

          -   .  ,     ,     ,   ,          , , [381]    ,     .

      70 :   ,   ,    .         ,   -  .        --, , , .    ,    .

 ,    : -,  ,    ,    ;  "        "; , "  :                       "{373}.

" , -   , -      ,   ,        "{374}.     7-   - .             .

      -     .

,                   ,  ,       ,   ,     .        ,      .       [382] [383]    .        "",    7- ,     ,  15- ,    --   ,  83-   .   "",      "",   1-  19- ,        .  ""    .     50   10  .

  36   9             ,          --.    9     .       .            ,     ,       ,    .                         ,      .     ,    ,  ,      ,     .  ,             .       ,      ....   ,      .          .

           ,       ,        .     ,        ,  ,     .   [384]      ,          .      ,           ,        1940 .

 ,     .   ,      --,         --,         ,     .   ,     ,         ,         ,   .     : 

"       ,         ,          "{375}.

          3  5 ,       .  :

"  ,      ...  ...             ,    "{376}. 

     .  ,  

"             "   "        "{377}. 

,   ,      [385]        ,        68  , "     -,    ".   "   ,         ,     ,         -,        "{378}.

  ,    ,       ,  ,          .         702    25   .     -    5 .   4 .   .   ,          1940 .

    ,       ,       ,   ,     .          ,   5  ,    "",    60 .  ,  2     ,        .      ""        .        ""   (   )     -. [386] 

      :     .       : 1)        ; 2)     - ; 3)         130    .      D-60,  -  D-46   -  D-21.       -: 54     , 15     , 36     , 33           33      .   171 .

              ,          .          .        15-     ,  ,    , -     .        ,          .               ,           15-  .        15-    .   ,      ,    -         .  ,    7-       .

             .   80  " ",      50      ,   "     ,   , [387]  100  , ..       ~"48,     -  25  "{379}.     ,    ,    ,     62 .  .

   ,        ,          ,  ,    .

        ,  ,           10       ,        .             .      14 .  .

  ,      ,     ,   ,        ,    1916 - 1917 .         . ,       ,     ,          .

        . 3      ,       .  5     ,    4         -   .   ,             . 

   : - ,  2395   867 , [388]   2  ;  ,    2219 ,   3  14 . ;  5 . 50 .    .    5    4266        6 . 30 . .

 -      . 6-  -            .  ,   82-  101-          2515 .

         ,    .        .   7616  ,         2-   9-    . [389] 

   ,             {380}.

            . ,        ,        ,   ,     .  3-   ,        (    )       .         " ",     . "     , -  , -          80     200 "{381}.

       10  ,       {382}      , -, -.     : 

"   -             , ,   ,       ...             "{383}. [390] 

                ,    24          . 10        .

        .  12 ,    326 547  54 186 , 104 428 .  .  , ,    35 . . "     ,  -  , -         "{384}.

     ,     -.   ()        -   ,   .  ,  19  22    ,          415 .      ,     ,      . 26-27     ,           .

     ,       .   21        365      .        ,      .        -.   ,    [391]         .   . ,   : "  -,    ,    ,          ".   : "    ,                 "{385}.

 , "30          ... , -      , -  .               .   ,         "{386}.

    ,         ,          , ,    .

    . 

", -  , -        .  20 .   .       ,      ,  .       -     .   ,   ,   -.      .          ,     20...  - [392]         "{386}.

     ,      ,        ,           ,       .        . 7     ,  9 ,  , "    ,      ,          ".    2200 .     7 .  .

 - ,        ,       :

"    ,      ...

  ,    ,     ,          ,  ,  ,  , ,    .    . ,   ,   ,         .        5 .  : ,   .

   (9 ) ""        ,     .   ,    2 .  .     ,         ,         ... ,     , ,     ,     ...  ,           ,    [393]       ...           ...     .       ,     ,     "{387}.

      , ,         ,   3 ,         ;     ,     ,    ,   - .      ,          .

           ,  16-17  2-    -. 18  " -              -         ". ,     19       , -      "        ,   ,   -  ,          ,  ,  ,  ".             ,    . "     ,   ,  - ,   {388},     7-   ,   ,    ""{389}. [394] 

  ,       ,    .          ,       . 

  2-     16  17   ;     .   ,       ,   "  ".    ,           ;     {390}.

   ,      {391}.

 18      "-".        ,  3   (, 7-  11-)          " "     ,  ,      3  .

      4 . ,            .             ,   ,    ,     .         .       .

 17  -     ,  "    (   1000 ""  "",  -1  1500 " "  "" 8-   , 600     ,   9-       [395]     ". "      , -  . -     ,        ,      "{392}.

   ,  ,    "       ,  -        ".   12 . . ,   5 .  ",   45 ...         "{393}.

      .                ,     .            ,    .       "  ,    ".   150-200 . 11-     100 .   50       .     ,       ,   .

  '-,    ,  .   ,     ,  , ...         ,         ,   ,          8 . "    , -    ,   "{394}.  [397]       : "    .            ,  ,        ".

 ,  ,   18         25 .     :  3      -.  :    , -,     3  ,            .

       ,     -       ,  -,     .   : " 10 . 40 .   -47 ("")           .       2-4 .   1500 ""  ""     3431  .     20 .     -48 (""),   .   400         ;   500- ,              -.     ,    ,      "{395}.

 ,     ,     "    .     ". ",   ,     ...     ,    ,    "{396}. [397] 

        4 .         . 

"     , -   , -    -            ,   ... ,      ,      ,   .    ,        ,    .        ,      .   ,    ,    "{396}.

    .

27       ,          ,  4500    .     2-      -     ,      .

      3-       8-, 12-, 15-  20- . - .   1-   (5-, 7-  19- ).     12-  .  ,     1-   2-  .   ,            .

 ,     3-      ,         , .          -  .    1-          , .  2-      .   [398]   ,      , "       ,  ,   "{397}. ,      , ,        ,                .

29          ,   2    . "    , -  , -     ,         .      {398}...".         .   "   ",    1200 . 4  -       ,      -.

         . 2         -.  6            , ,  ,     . 10    ,      6-       .

 ,         .         ,        . ,   ,    ,     .   ,         ,  ,      ,   ,   .  ,            1933-1939 .     -,    .   [399] ,     ,      ,      

       ,    ,   .      ,     ,   .          ,         ,      .

   ,  ,    ,         .  , ""          ,   , , ,          . ,  ""        ,   .

          ,     ,      .

  ,         , "    ,        5  6 "{399}.   , -,  25 ,     {400}.

  8       8-   .  : "      -  "{401}.

'-         .

"           .       . ,   .    [400]     ,  .    ,  ...                  ;  ,       ...     ,                  ...  ,     .     7    ,   ,       ...    ,   ,      ... ,   ,     , ,    7  -   "{402}.

         .       ,    10 . .          3 .       ,      .

   ,  ,    ,      ,  ,         " "   .  ,    ,             ,         .       ,             {403}.        ,  .   ,      ,   [401]     " " .   ,       .

6.    1944 .

     ,  ,     , ,       ,     :      .              .     , ,     ,           .           . ,  ,   , ,           ,                  ,   ? .

        .      ,      ,   ,     ,  .     ,   ;        . .       .                     .   ,    ,    ,          .        ,        ,         .

 ,         :   [402]    ,  , ;      ,   ;   ,    ,           . -     ,        ,       .       ,     .  ,               ,         .

    ,     , ,  ,     ,   .             ,  ,    ,             -  Lebensraum   . ,      .

                  .     ,      ,             ,     .        -  . ,      ,   ,    ,       .            , ,     .

             ,    ,  ,   [403] ,            . ,        :

1.           ,     .  ,         ,         .

2. ,       -       ,         ,       :      . 

      :    ;    ; 1-    ; 2-    ; 3-    ; 1-    ; 2-    ; 3-    ; 1-    ; 2-    ; 3-      4-    .      , 300 ,  4,5 . ,   10    ,       1812 .

     200  ,       :    .   , -,   1,5 . .          ,     (, ,   )      .   ,      ,   .         ,   .

           ,    ,         .     [404] [405] ,  ,   , 10      ,     20   .      ,  ,       ,     -   .

             1-  .          100 .     4-  9-   ,   "" , ,   ,        .        , , ,     "". 1-         , 3-      , 2-      ,  1-      .        "":  - 26-,  - 27-,  - 28-   29-. 30              ,          9-  .        .     .    1   .    ,  3     . 4       .         1939 .

      , 7          ,            . 10          .                 ,   .      . [406] 

      ,    .               .

    12  2-    .      ,              ,  21   3-   .  23    .           -.

, 26  27   , ,   .     ,  -  ,   - . [407] 

 ,     150     ,       ,           31 ,     ,       .       ,  1               .         .

        ,  16     3   1  .       ,        .                   .

         .         ,           , -.   16   1-    .      17 , ,     ,   ,     ,  20    -.

      60      20     -.   ,             . 2  3      . 10     ,    . 18    ,            .

  ,   ,     ,    2-    21        .      ,  22    23  -  . [408] 

        ,    . 24     -  ,    50     ,      .          .         28   ,     .        .     -         4-    ,     1-  .  29   ,  5   ,      7  8       .

     2-   .        28 ,                  .   ,    ,   1-  ,   , 26    ,     ,    ;        -,   -     -  .   31 .          -, ,   - ,     .     3-        .

 ,      ,       1  10       ,     .        ,  30       ,     (  )  15       .        .       -    ,    .    [409]     , ,   3 ,  12    ,   .    15   .        .

        .        ,        .   7-      15- ,      7-,     ,      7-  .       .    ,    .       .   .        .        .

8-  6-        .     25 ,     , ,  6 . .    15  16  ,    .        -  ,   -  .

     .     2-        8-             6-  ,     3-       ,     6-     .  ,   6- .

         :     .      20   ,      .   ,      .    ,    ,   - [410]  -.       8- ,      23   .

     ,           ,    ,                ,     .  , ,        ,                  . 2  -     :

"... , -  , - ,       -    ( )                      "{404}.

        ,  "      "  .

     ,    6- .         ,   25    6-           .        .          ,   ,  27    .

         29     , 30          .

  ,        ,             . [411]  

26     .        .

16    .       ,    ",      ,          "{405}. 

7.     1944-1945 .

   ,        ,     ,     ,     " ".     ,       ,    ,                   .

20 ,    , -,  ,          -   .           ,    ,   ,       .

        , -,        {406}.             .              ,                 ,  [412]    ,      {407}.

   ,       .    ,  ,        .   : "  ,         .               20 ,    "{408}.               .     -        ,               .    :     ,       ,   ;  ,           .   -       ,              . 30     ,  , ,  .           ,     -  . -     ,    ,  .

   ,              ,         ,        ,      [413]          ,           .       ,    40%   .           :

"     ,    1944 . 21 400   ,     12 .,    3-4 .     .        .     ,    ,         .           50%,     .      .   1945 .        9 .   .            .  ,   ,   ,    .   ,      .   1944 .    18 ,    1945 .        .              ,  ,      ,   -  "{409}.

       : 1)     ; 2)  18      {410}.             1943 .;     1944 . [414]    .   1944 .,    ,    .             .

12-13          , ,  ( )   {411}.

28        , ,   .           2 . .          .       .       316 .    ,        107 . ,    -  17 . .      175 .   ,  30 .      5 .   .       ,      . ,        22  (20 -  8-     2 -  ),  6552     18 328  .      9%    .

"  , -   , -      .   1944 .           . -    ,    ,  .            ,   ,     .  ,   ,    , , 16  1944 .,   [415]    ,          .     .    ,     ,    ...

         .         1945 .  -    . 1200 ,     ,   ,    -     .    ,           "{412}.

    ,  ,        ,  (         ; ,  ,    )   .      6          ,  12 .   .

    .  ,           ,       ,    , "      ...  ,         ",   ,       ,    "     "{413}.

,    -         ,       ,  . [416] 

   ""  .      . ,           ,    ,  .

  ,      ,        ,            .   -        ,     ,        ,  ,           .          , ,         ,         {414}. -,    ,        ,       .     , ,         .    . ,          1944 .      9 .  ;   "   ,       ,    ".

      13  1945 .,    .  800          650 .       4 .  8 . .        1350     900 ; 15        1100  [417] .        ,        .    .  25 . ,  30 . .      6 .    ;    27 .   7 .  .

       ,         ,      ,         . ,    ,       ,  ,     ,  ,    .

         .    36 .    12 .  13 . ,   , , ,   ,  14 .     .      .

      ?   ,      ,   ,      ,     ,  .       .

8.  -    

        ,          1944 .     ""    "  ".         ,     ,    .            .    -  1940 .   22744 ~  30 498 . [418] 

  -  1941 .   19 576    19 177 .   1941 .      ,        .

       399   461 .         " "     1942 .  , , ,        ,          .     13  1944 .      -1 (Vergeltungswaffe Ein){415}.

           ,      ,      ,       .

 1931 .,    ,  ,  "        ,    ...            ,    , ,  ,  ,   ".    ,  : 

"    ...         .   ,     ,          .     .  -  ,   .  -     .     ,  , ,   ,     "{416}.

 -1,  , -   ,     ,    ,  ,   .    .      [419] ,           "",   ,   .

""  -1 "    ,     ",   " " - "  ". ,      ,       .   ,  18 ,         ,            -1.

-1,   ,        ,       ;      ,    .   -1  16 ,    25  4    - 2  8,5 .     ,  1 .  ,    350-400 /     150 .

-1     ,           .

   12    ,       ,      7400  -1,       800 -1        "".   7400   2300   .   1944 .   1945 ,    7800     ,    .         5 649    16 194 .   ,       ,      ,    ,   -2,   .        1927 .   47 ,  15 .,    1  ; [420]  ,   -2  3500 /,     -  200 .     70 .   ,   .          15 .       1944 .      50-300  ,   -  700.      -1,     -2    ,     .

  -2      8  1944 .   -  ,  , 27  1945 .   ,   ,  1100 .    ,    ,    1675 .   ,  -2,  2754   6524 .

        1943 .    -1     .   13        100 .  ,   9%   ,      .   1943 .       -1  -2  ,        .      ,         , , -,   -1   .

"   2  10 , ,    .        .  ,      -,   .        ,    .      .    "{417}. [421] 

     -1,         ,        ,    .         ,     20-25   ,       .         33% ,     - 70%.

        ,   ,        .           ,    .  ,    ,     ,    ,         .

    ,  ,          , ,  -2,        ,     ,        .       ,  , -   .     ,  ,  ,  ,   :      . [422] 


 .      

1.        

   ,          ,        .    ,           ,                  .

  1943 ,          ,      ,      ,  ,    , ,       1  1944 .,         . ,    ,   .     1944 .  ,                  . -,       , -,  .  ,     -           ,       ,    .  ,   ,           -.    ,              ,               .          [423]                  .

  ,        ,   .       ,        15               "   ,   ,  - ,      "{418}.

      - .      ,  10   ,       6-   (3-, 36-  45- ),    (7 ),   ,     ,       7-       . ,     - . .  , ,  ,       ,   15 .

           : 1)   ; 2)   ; 3)     .

        .                  ,  ( )             "        ".  : 

" ,        ,          [424]  ,      ,    ..."{419}. 

"  , -  , -  ,            ,               ,       40  50 ,               - ..."{420}.

 ,      .      : 

" ,                   ,         ,  ,        1945 .,          1944 ...          ,    , ,  ,  2    ...     ,  , 15 "{421}.

         . ,       ( ),       24 . , ,  ,  1     53 . .    10  ,    3   .

7-    10  (6-    2  ).     6- ,     36-,    - 45-     3- .   ,     ,  5 .,   44      14 . [425] 

      .     2100 .

    28     10 .         12,5 .  .                  , , ,   -      .

   00 . 30 . 15 .    -      ,   2  15 .     .      396  ,   4  15 .       .   7 . 10 .               ,     9 . ,  8 .      . [426] 

   .    .       3      .       .          28  .          {422}. 3  36-   , 8  3-   ,  11  1-              - . 15        .  20   400 614   ,  65 480     360 373  .

               ,  ,    .     ,       .       ,                 ,    ,         .     ,           .

    , -,  ,      ,     , , ,         ,  ,     ,         .          .      .     ,   [427]     {423},         ,         ,         .      .       ,     ,    ,   ,       :         ,    ,      Lebensraum.

,       ,    , ,    ,         .      7-  ,         ,     ,    ,      ,   ,           ,              . , ,                    ,  -            .

    ?  ,    ,        /     ,         .

       ,     1945 .

        .     , ,    ,   10 .    ,   ,       (5-  8-)    .   [428] ,      "    "{424}.       ( ) 26   8-   .   ,   , "     "{425}.       5- ,   29    ,      ,  . , , ,     ?       ,        ,      ,     ,       ,  ,     .     .  ,       ,     .       ,    ,           .

    8-    ,    1945 . 4        .   3      1 -     .         .

    ,       ,        ,    .

2.    

           ,  ,   ,    ,      ,  ,   ,       ,       [429]  ,     ,   ,   7-  . " , -  , -    "{426},      ,     ,    .

  , ,  ,        ,    ,       ,          ()   ,   3-   -    .  ,   , "   ".

      ,    .         ,   2    (   )         .      5   ( 400 ),      .

          7            .    " ",      .         ,         ,         ,   .        20   ,               ,        .    ,  , ,           .

      7-      ,      "",  .   ,  

"... [430]    ""     .     -     ,         ...     ,       "",   ,  ,    ,  ,  ...  100   ...   ,         50   ...       "{427}.

7  1-       .    ,   "   5 "   (""). 

" 3       ;         "{428}.

'- : 

" ""    .               "{429}.

      ,    ,                .      12 ,   10      . 1-        ,  15-   3-  -    .  1-   2-      - .

13    .       ,      ,     ,       .  16    [431] [432] ;     ,  ,      ,    . 19 ,      ,    8     2 . 22      ,      14  ( 80 . ),      ,  17   ,      .

  ,    -47 "",   , 

"              ,      .    ,    ,     ,     ...    ,         ,   .       ,        , ,   ,   1 . .        "", ""  ""   1 . "{430}.

             ,      .   ,   ,         .       , , ,        ,        . -     2 ,     18 .   , ,    ,        , -  .    ,   8- ,   ,    9-   - . [432] 

 8-  3-     ,  15-     , 12-  20-       .      ,             . 17      ,      .       15-        ,     ;        .      3-  12-  17   .     20-  20    .      12- ,     ,  25    40   .  ,  3            60 . 

         .       -   " " "  ,      ,          .              .    "{431}. 

       .  ,    ,     ,       19-      {432}.       30 . ;       ,          3- . [434] 

"   , -   , -    ,   ,          .  ,     ,      .      ,       .                ,     ,   ,    "{433}.

                 ,      .     1863 .

 3-     ,         .      ,  25      .  ,     , 1-  , 2-   1-             .   ,     ,      . 26           . 1  ,      ,       ,        .          . 1-       ,  2-   -   .  1-       (), ,  3-      [435] , ,     ,     7-  .

   31 ,  - 3        .

   6   25    400 .  ,   .     .  ,   1300 , 20 . , 2 . , 2378 ,   ,  1167 ,   .

   ,   ,    , ",       ...  , ,      ,   1918 .,    ,     ,   "{434}.

    , ,     "14 "     1918 .    ,      1945 .    ,   .  ,       ,              ,    .       .     , ,        .        ,  ,   , ,        !

         .  ,    ,     ,               . [436] 

     ,       . 

"        , -  , -  , ,      ,              ,       ..."{435}. 

 "  "   ,       . ,      , "    ",        1-  -, ,         ,      1 . .   ;     {436}.

 5      ,      ,       .          ,    .    ,   .  , ,     ,    (   )       ,            .    ,      26 ,  [437]     ,    .         ,     .  , "           ,  "" 3              "{437}.

"     , -    , -             " "{438}.

   .        .              {439}.    ,             30        1-  ,    3-   . 

"      , -  , -  ,      ,                 , ,   .  , ,  ,   1300     650 .  ,       100 ,      200 .                "{440}.

  ?  :   -     [438]    ,      , ,     .    . ,   , ,           ""   ,       ,      .                   , , 2 .   ,       ,           {441},     ,  6         .

  ,            , ,   -  -                 ,    ,         ,     .

        ,       ,       .   ,  "  -47   ,     .      .   .     ,   - .     {442}.  : 

",        ,  ,      ,        .  [439]     .   ,       .       15-  7-     ,     "{443}.

 ,  "  "  -  .                   ,              ,  1-   11    .   ,    ,   ,    .  ,   ,           .

3.    1944 .

    ,      ,     .             .     .      .       .    2-           -,    ,    400 .     4-    ,           .      3-    .      3-5  , , 8  .          ,       ,     ,   .  [440] ,      ,          .        ,    ,    .       ,    ()          -  .

10    -,       ,  12    ,  80     . 19     ,  21-    .      [441]        .

  ,   ,        ,   ,  .         (  )  1   ,        .

 -        .        5   ,      -  .           . 15               .   ,    ,    . 5             11     .         .         ,       4-        .          ,         ,    ,       .                     ,     . 28    ,        ,        .

         20 .          . 25         ,   .          . 29       ,    ,   ,  1   ,   [442]    ,  40  -  . 11         ;     ,          3   2   ,       .    ,   9        ,  35  - . 12    .        ,   14         , , , .

      18   , 21- -   25- - .        ,      3 .  ,      ,     -        .

               ,          ,        .    2     15  ,    .      ,       .             .       .

      ,                     .   15      .      ,   5     ,   .   3-     ,    .  2-   [443]   ,  1-   ,   ,  ,  ,         15 .

 ,                     ,       ,    .           ,     .   , ,      [444]     ,          .

   3 .  ,   , 10          ,     ,           - ,  20.   -  .      3-          ,               13    .  ,     .     , -,    30   .   , ,    ,     . ,     ,  , ,   20       ,           .

         .             . 16 ,    ,            ,    .     18  20                      ,   .        . 21     .     ,              .     22  24       ,  5  .  25      ,       .      . [445] 

4.      

      7-  15-     ,          . ,    ,   ,      ,    .        .        ,       .   : 

",   , -      ,       ,   ,       " ".  ,     ,         ,      ...     ,          ,  ,  ,      .  ...  ,    ,    ,      ...       ,  ,  ,               ,  ,    , ,   ,   -   ,     "{444}.

   ,    .     ,  - .       21-  ,               ,         [446]           ,     -    .  ,       -      .      12-                       ,    ,    .

   ,     ,      .   ,         ,   ,   , ,    .         ,   ,           ,            .              :

" ,     , -  , -   ,             , ,     ,  .                   ".

,        :  -         ,   -       ,  :
 
"   ...                            ""    ,       ,  , ,    ". [447] 

       

"         ...    , ,      ...       , , -,    .   ,          ,        ,     ; [448]       ,         )"{445}.

  ,      ;  ,           ,                   .          ,  ,  , ,      ,          .       6-   {446},     ,           "{447}.

  ,  :

" ,      1944 .      ,   ,       ,     ,  .      . He    - ,      .      -  , , ,  "{448}. [449] 

 ,     .   ,       ,    .  : 

"            ,                       ,       "{449}.

          .     ,       ,    -,       ,     ,              .

         : 2-             .                ,  15   .            300 .  400 . .      ~3-3   .         70 ,       ,       ,          .  ,   ,  ,        ,          .

        ,      ,  - .      1-  - , 82-  101-  [450] -     .          .   - . .       2800   1600 {450}. 

 pay     : 

"    , , , ,     ,       ,    -  ,              .

     2-       ,        ,        ,     ,         - ,  "{451}.

   ,  -          .        .             , ,     .

     17 . 101- -    , ; 82- -         ,  1- -        ,   .

 ,   ,  18 .   . [451]   ,   ,    .  19           82- - .   ,       .

20       ,      ,     43-      ͸-      1- - .         ,     ,  . 24     ,        .      .     7 .  ,     .

,     ,    19   ,               . ,    .       .   ,              ?              15-20 . ,    ""    ,       ,      ?  ,     ,           ,            ?  , ,                ,    .       ,             .

   ,    ,     .       ,   [452] [453]               .

            1-      .             .   9 ,   26        .          -1  -2.

   21-       .   12  1-          . 15  3-     .  3-  7-    1-           .       13             .      ,  .

   ,   ,       .     ,          ,   , -      .   15  21-  .  -    4         .      1-  9-               ,  , 3    .            1916  1917 .

   3- ,  8 ,  . 22    ,          13 .  ,      ,  .   6-   1-   14       22    .       7- , , [454]  , 21   .      .  15  7-           -         .     .  16         .

             (  ),      ,  -    ,          ,   -    -   {452}.

 {453}    ,                ,   -    12-   -          .     ,         ,         ,      .     ,          ,    .       , -   {454}. [455] 

          5-  6-  ,   7- .    10       14  15    .   3 . ,       .

  ,          ,     ?       ,   , 250 . , 1 .     .

    : 1)  , ,   ; 2)     ; 3)   [456] ,    - ,     1940 .,   :  ,          ,  .

         ,    . 16    ,  .            ,      -, .       ,      .

               .          ,   101-  - {455}.  ,      1-     9- ,        .

18      .   17-     ,       -   -    101- - ,      ,            ,      .

24   .    . -  ,  5 . ,          .    , 

"     ,    .        ,      ,  ,          ,  [457]  .          .      "1.

 , , ,    50 ,     .  1      .     ,       700      ,   .  ,   , ,      .    200  . 22   -      ,  , ,    -  4200 .  31    .

   ,  ,   : 

"       ,   ...                      "{457}.

      ,   - .    50 . ,   - 70 . ,     .  ,   50 .  , 600 , 1600      .

      : 1)       ; 2) ,        ( )       ; 3)       ; 4)          . (        ,        ). [458] 

,   ,           " "  .                   ,  7-      1-          ,       .           .  ,      1944 .,        ,   ,     ,   .  ,     ,  ,  ,       1940 .    , ,    ,    . ,   ,    1940 .,    -   ,  ,           .

5.      1945 .

,   ,         - ,    1944 .    1945 .    .        ,        .     ,   ,     .      -      , -        .       :

1.         .      ,   -        .

2.        .       [459]      ,   -          .

3.        ,      ,      .

4.              ,       . [460] 

     ,   , 300   25  ,      .

         ,  ,    ,   .  , -,  7      (   3 ), 4      4    .  ,    ,        ,    .        ,         100  ,       ,   .

     29      .      ,        1526 .                . 8        ,    ,  ,   .         ,      ,    .     ,     -      .

      ,    ,            .              ,        . ,       ,    ,       .          ,       ,   .      ,      [461] [462]   ,       .

20          ,   ,    .         .     ,   . 2  3      :     ,      .   5  ,       .       ,   10                2 .          ,      ,           .

18     .        ,         .          13             .  ,          .         .

 ,     ,         ,    .     ,    - .               .             ,   ,   . 

   12 ,   -  14 .       .         .      ,     ,         [463]  .       ,    -  ,     ,      .   ,  17     .          .       .   .   ; 19        .          ,   .

  14        .        ,         .   19             .              -. 20    .     1914 .,           . 22    , -  . 26           ,  .  ,      .       .      .

            ,     ,   .       ,        ,      , , ,   .        ,      ,       ,   .

20                 .     [464]  ,      ,      .              . 4           ,   ,   15     ,   60      70   .      . 

    ,   .              ,         . 2    ,        .  10     .     1759 .,      .        , -,   ,     .

      (25   )  ,   9 .           ,     .     .                   ,     . 11    -,     - ;    22     , ,     .                 9     .     19 .

   ,    ;          . 23     ,    .             . 30     .  ,       .       [465]        .

          . 12           ,    30 .        :  ,    .       ,      ,       20  .      .     ,          . ,   , 1   ,     - -. 17     .    ,     ,       8 .     .

           ,         .                       .     ,       6-  ,        . 3             .   -,        .         ,     ,   15        ,      .

    . 18     ,   -   .    ,    .     - . 27    ,      .            , [466]  -     .  -    ,  29 ,  ,      .       ;      -,   -      -    ,    3 . 7        ,        . 11  12        ,           .  ,     ,              ,       ,            .         ,        Lebensraum ,   ,    .

6.   

             .          .    ,        ,    .             ,   .   ,  ,  ,        ,       .     ,      ,  -        .

,     .             ,     :      [467] [468]   ,    - .    ,            .

            ,        .           ,     ,  ,       .             .   ,        .        ,      ,            .     ,             .            .        " "          . -, 21-    9-        . -, 12-              . -, 6-               .

  8   1-  .   ,      . ", -  , -     ,        "{457}.    12 ,         .   9-  ,       10  15 , ,        .    23 ,          [469]    . 26             .  1    -  ,      .          .  ,          ,    "   . 10       .  ,        {459}.

      1-     .  10     ,           .    ,  5    7-    .          .       . 7  3-           ,      .          24       25    10 .        .

     3-         .  23         , . 2   ,  9      ,      1- .            ,   19  -  .      .  22          ,  .       .  ,        .  ,  [470]        .

        . 6-  ,      20  - 3 ,  15    .  10         .

    :

"  ,     ,  ,  , ,       ,  ,      .     ,    ;    ,        22  23    ,         "{460}.

     ,        -    ,                 .       - "".    .

21-    9-  ,     ,         . 9-     ,  2-   - ;  -  ,   -  .    2-  1-  -     17-  -   6-  -     .                .  2-   1-  .

        ,  ,    ,     [471]  .  " "  21 ;        ,      . , 11    5 .      ,     -  5487   .  21  24       42 . .

      400-500 {461}.         700-1200 .      3,5 {462}.          .

23   8 .     ,   .        - .      .   ,       .       ,      17- -   6-  - .      ,   -   .             ,    .      1572   1326 .   2153    .   .

          9     6   . 25    ,        .     1-       ,  26        .     .

22  3-        .   7-   26       ,        [472]   3- . 28  7-         .    1-       .  ,  23   1          ,   ,    .              .       ,   .

           .      .     ,         .

          21-  ,    - 12-  .        ,    ,   9 . . .    . 6-        12- .

  ,       ,   1 .       9- ,   ,   1- ,   .          ""      ""      .   12        ,  13     ,  18      20   325 .   .

    ,        .     ?           .       .   ""  : 

"   ,         ...       ,      ,   ,     .  [473]         ,            "{463}.

       ,   ,   ,      ?       ,  , ,     .

             .  .     ,      30          ,  -         " "     ,     100     30  !     [474]   ,      ,        . 

    ,            1-  3-     9-  ,  4     21-    12- .      21-  6-       .          ,      ,   . 

"      ,       21-             "{464}.

3-    4 .    11 ,    13 ,         .   9-      [475]  11      .         18      . 11   1-        .   ; 14     ,   21       .

  ,  12-     , 21-      ,  1-    - . 2-    5  , 18   , ,    ,   29        .      6-     .     12-   16    .     1-      .

   ,      ,   100   ,     ,        . 

"   , -  , -     ;     -     ; "  "     ,     .         ,      ,   . 1500  -47 9- -     ,    ,     20 .        60 .   (   10 255 509  )...             "{465}.

   ,        .     , [476]          ,    .        ,       .           .       .

   ,         .    " "    ,     .

 ,   , " "      " ".       ,   ,     ,    ,   , ,    Lebensraum      .  17 ,      ,     ,             ,          ,            .

        .      ,      .    4  : 21-      ; 12-      3-        ,        9- .  , -,   250 . ,            ,        ,  .

17       .            .                  ,  ,   [477] 9-  .           ,    12-  , 22             .        .

25    : 1)    ; 2)  58-                273-  1-  .

      .  29    , , ,     .        ,     . 30   ,  2     .

         . 10            . 21    , 26        .       ,  ,    ,          . 29          -             .

      ,             .     21-      , 12-  -  a   6-  -     " "     .     ,  .  "  ,      ()   "{466}.

   , 3   [478] ,    - ,               3- , 12-  21- ,       .       . 4     ,           ,    , ,  -  .         .     ,   8 .  5   21-       .               ,  9    .  ,     ,       . [479] 


 .       

1.  

     ,         .     ,          .         ,    1944 .,   ,      ,  ,         - .

  ,      ,  ,   ,              .     .       ,       .     : -,    , -,   , ,     ,  "  ,    ,    ,     ,    "{467}.

    -     -        ;     ,  -  .       14-  - .  (4-  33- [480] )        , , - ,   .           -        .         ,    ,   .                   ;       14- ,      .          6 ,        .                ,      .        , ,     .

  ,   14- ,        ?        ,       .     ""   ,     14-           .         .                .    ,  .      .     ,   ,        .

      ,     ,      .           , , 19    - .      ,  14-           3 .     15-  [481] [482]         .

       .     , - .      , - .           - .        -.      - . ,  8-   ,       - ,   11-   (14-   15- )       -   20 .          5     - ,      ,    ,    36-   - . .

    ,             .     36-     ,   . 16      19-   4-  14-    ,   -  ,    . 2  1945 . 14-   ,  7  - .   6-   (22-  50- )   -  -   36- ,   6-   1-   -  - (30-  38- ),          .    ,  16   38-  .        -     27        . ,    .      ,     ,    - . [483] 

        .   1945 .     7500    .    ;    100      40 ,   .      ,      .

"...  , -  May, -      ,  ,  -     .         ; 96%  14-    .         615 .  ,           -  .   315 .  ,       - ,  110 .    ;           - .     -  1945 . -   94 300  .          "  ", ,  ,      ,    77.500". 

   : 

"      ,    .        .    ,            ...    ,    ,        ,       "{468}.

       -   ,       14-    ,    7      . [484] 

    14 .    19-  ,     33- ,             .  ,  15-  33-  ,        .

                . ,     ,  19-      4- ,  ,            , -     ,   ,   ,  4-     33-        .        ,  4-  ( 19- )    14-           ,         ,              ,        8  .

      300-    33- . 

"     ,   400       , -    , -  14-     .       ,    .      .     ...            ,     ...     ,   ""  "".    ,      ...   ,     ,  4-            "{469}. [485] 

14  7-   4-    ,  10   ,   .        ,  ,  11  20-       ,   ,   ,      .

      ,       . 19-  20-        .  20-   2-  . 7-    ,  100  - .       5-  17-     255-   .

  19   19-    .     ,  19-    -,    ,  7 .       ,       -,    .

 19-    , 2-   20-       ,       ,      . 19  2-    ,         19-       .

   ,     , 20  17-         ,   , 24   ,   40  - . 27      8 ,    .         7 ;    5 ,  , ,   255-   .        ,      . [486] 

         17-    ,      . ,    , "     ,    ,   12   ,         ,         ,    "{470}.    .

    33- ,       ,     5-         31        17- .     2-       50   .    15-     33-  (    )   .  5             10    , ,    ,    ,       - .

 ,     .          300    ,         ,      .     ,        ,      14-     500  .        15-  - . ,   2  , 2  , 1    1  .   224-      - . .   5-  6-  .

  10       . 25       .    ,    .   ,  3  [487]    15- .     ,     .     :  -  14 ,     - 21 ,  - 24 ,    - 26 ,  - 17 ,  - 20 . 8        .       ,  15-    ,      ,        .     .

      .   30   ,  ,     ,    .            .        .   ,         14-       .

        , 33-      ,    , ,        .    4-            .

       ,  4-  - .  " ,       -  2  "{471}.       ,    5-  17- .    ,     19-      ,    .         1    ;    300     16 . 

  33- ,   , 18   ,  22  - . [488] 

       2   .      .     14   .     ,  15-       .

    26-  .      , ,   ,     ,            ,          ,     -       .

        -; ,     37 .    .    ,      . 6       .

 ,          ,            .  ,              . , ,  , , ,      , ,       ,         .        , ,   ,                    ,  ,    .      ,    ,    ,   :  ,        .  

        .         .      ,       1943 . "     120    -...  ...  1945 .     10  [489]      ,        -  6 "{472}.   ,    14-   15- ,  ,       -      -     72 .,   130 . .  

2.  

   . VI,             1944 .                  .  -       ,  ,  - ,                .

 ,    ,        ,     "     ,   ,     "{473}.           ,      .  13 ,       ,        ,  ,  3-  {474},      ,    ,                       , [490]     ,       ,     .      .

       ,          20   20      .   ,     ,               .

    ,        ,      .    ,             ,     250 . ,    ,  -     -  .  ,       ,       ,       " "         ,        .             ,            ,    .       ,      .

  , 10         ,      ,        .   13  15       ,        . , 18  19            .

19 ,  3-  7-        - .      6-   [491] - . ,                 .       "Ѹ".     : 1) -   - 5 , 12   15 , "  ; 2) -   - 2 , 3   10 ,   ; 3) -   - 2 , 1   4 ,   ; 4) -   - 3   4 ,    .         ,  -      -  .         - .

               ,       ,   "",      .            .          -,   -    . ,            .

18       ,        . 22               .   ,        (- . )    (  )             ,      ,     -. 24    ,          .         .            ,  ,   , [492]   ,     ,        .    ,  -,   ,   4  40 .          130    . ,         ,     -  ,   ,           ,        .  , ,          -,    ,   .

  :    ,  -       -   .       "    -     .

          ,       ,  - .      7- ,   6 , 8 , 26   39  .              ,      .   24      ,  25   2  30 .        .  3     ,   ,         20 ,      16-, 8-,  6- "{475}. [493] [494] 

      3-     ,   8 . 25 .  25        ,   ,         -  .    , ,   ,   ,      ,        11 . 15 . .     ,  2-      ,        3-  4- .      ,  4  .

   ?  , ,   -  ,       24  25 .        6 . 53 .      .   ,   ,     7-               ,  .         . "    -     , -   , -      ,   ,     2 ,        "{476}.   2     3       7     . ,  9 . 25 . ,      ,        ,      .      -,      .

 ,        ,              .      3 , [495] 4 , 10   9 ,   -  3   3 .

  20   10-  24-  6-  .                  .       ,   1-  .         ,  11        ,      .   , ,    . 7  77-                 .      ,    , ,   . 10     ,       .        ,      28       75       .

      ,        .      .    6-  ,      1-  14- ,  850      ,       ,   .

   ,       .     -     ,           ,   ,         .       .

9           ,       ,              . [496] 

  "  ,       ,     , -  ,       ,  ,  , ,      "{477}.   9       68 .       15     3 .

       10-  105-      2-   -,   .    ,          .    15    6-    .

       ,                      .    -    .        ,  20     ,   5    - -     , 5     .

29 ,      ,          11- .   ,         .  ,         ,       .  31  11-  -         ,   .    ,      , 6-      .           ,      ,      23 . [497] [498] 

 ,      13 , -  -          ,     3128  . 16       503-      34-  .        ,     .        .     ,       .

           ,       -   , ,   .    6-            .        ,     .

      .     .

     60 628 ^ ,     ;   317 .   (, , )  7236  .

          ,     ,        .

    9 .        .      -     .   , ,       ,      , .         .    -   .       ,  4  .    ,      ,   .        . [499] 

  ,  , :

    , 
    .

 ,   .

3.     

       ,        ,   ,   ,        .       ,     ,   ,  .       1565 ,       - 3130 . , ,   ,         ,      .  ,            . 

      ,  , ,  (    )     .   :    13 500 . ,    14 .    .      .     , ,    .    ( 67 ,  7-8 )     .       .     ,        .      , - ,     .   ,                 .  ,        ,  ,         ,          .

      [500]    ,         .

   775   ,     .        ,  .     5-    (4-  5-   )   60 .   .    850 ;   5-   .  ,      220 . ,   4    {478}.

     (  5 ,    3 ),    ,          ,    20 . .     -  .           ,      .      19 .

              ,      .

     70 {479}    .  ,         14-             .       . , 16      .          . 

   9 .  19 .     ,          . 20             1.    [501] [502] 6      3-    4-  5-       ,      8 . . 28         , ,   ,       10 ,     16 ,       .              .   4189  ,15305   441   ,        ,  .     21 .    100 ,   .

    .    , "        -29,           ..."{480}.  ,        ,          .

 10         ;      . 26- 77-      ,  .          ,      325   ,    ,    ,  

"...   - , ,   ,         .         -  ,         .           ,       .           ,    [503]       "{481}. 

, , ,      ,        , ,  ,  ,        .

1  24-  3-         1400               ,     .              .     .  5-  ,     -,   - . .

          .       ,     .  5  24-   ,   ,  , ,      ,       -     .  ,         .       ,         - .     ,      ;      "".

     4  24- ,  3-   ,  ,   ,   20    .  ,        .   : 
"   .    65- 70 . ,        .    , -,     ...     ,      ,      ... ,  ,        [504]      .              "{482}.

, "    ",   .       ,           ,   .      : 

"                 .     ,   , 33    45  .            -, ,   , ,    .                  .  ,         "".   ,              1 .          . ,        -    .        -1"{483}.

       .     ,      .      ,     ,       .          ( "   ") : 

"C  1944 .         2550 .   475 ,  18,6%  ;   ,    .      ,    12 , 15   16    . [505]          {484}.

   45  ,   ...         .  -29 . 2 .               .      ,  ,            "{485}.

    ""   ,      ,      24- . 13  6-        .       ,   ,     21 .  30         ,        . , , ,     ,          3400        800 -   (   1000 ,     ,   21 .

   ,     :    ... 39 .  ,     , ... " 10 .      ...   109 629    7 871  "{486}. [506] 

4.     1943-1945 .

     ,             ,    ,         ,    .         .      ,     - .   , ,    ,     ,    ,       .          .       ,    -     .      .  ,        ,     ,   ,     ,  , ,   ,     ,      ,   ,   .

        , ,      ,           ,   ,   ,   .    ,        ,    -   .

  -        ,   ,       . ,       ,       ? ,     , -,        , -,        . [507] 

    ,                - ,     -     ,            ,       .           guerre de course{487},       ,     . 

  ,     ,    .   ,    ,   ,            .       .    " "         ,      ,        ,     - ,    ,      .    ,   ,       ,     .

          {488}.   ,       10%  ,         3% .      ,     .    ,     " ",             .   [508]       ,       2  .

                  .  ,            .   ,    ,        {489}.

        .          6 . .,     500 .           4100 . ,.        (      )   8900 . . 54,7%      , 16,3% -  , 4,3%  -     -    , 9,3%   ,      ;  1 %       4% -      .

      ,    ,         .   : 

"  ,        ,  656 400 .   160.800 ,  24%,     .    -   6800 , ,   -29, -  7000   -29 - 147 . ". 

   ,   , 

"104 .    66 , 14150  -   , 10 600  -   , 4608  -  , 3500  -    ;              [509] 8115    12 054 ". 

   ,      .

   1945 .  ,     ,   ,  .    1943 .  -29,   ,      .    ,    , ,   , "     ".

    ,       ,    1944 .      .     ,       ,      ,      .

 1945 .             7 . .     .       9 .   1667   .         15 . . 185 .      .       .       9   31     9 :

"   767 . , 3100 .   .      380 . ,  96 . ;   680 .    ,  132 . ;   - 260 .   70 .  ;   - 510 .   130 .  "{490}.

"      , -    , -   15 . -  66  ;   100 .  ,.,  60 ,     ,        169 . ;  5  [510]  ,  ,   100 . "{491}.

     ,   .      1944 .        100 ,    1945 .      801  "";      2,6    1944 .  7,4    1945 .    -29    42 .  .   1945 .       9  850 .   .

   . "  -29  3 392 396 "{492}.

 -29    ,    600 . .      57 . -.      550 ,  2 .   1200 . ,    -29  4 . .

     ?         ?   ,             .  .   66 ,  ,   40%  ,  ",     ,  ",  "       ,          .  ,       ,  .  48 .            .     ,       ,    ,    ,       ".    ,  "97%  [511] , ,               ,       "

        ,         .   , ,   ,   ,                 . -       ,       .    -  ,    -  .    : 

"              ,        .       ,      ,       ,  ,  ,     .        :        -  ".

 ,      ,     .  ,       ,     :     . ,           .    ,    -  ,    , , ,    , ,        ,  .  ,  "      ",    19            ,       ,     ,               . [512] 

        ,       .        ,       ,                .

,   ,  

" ,       ,      1944 .             .    ,    1944 .      ,    1945 . -    .     ,   650   -29  5200   ". 

    100 . . ,   66  ,  15 . ,   ,    ...     ,     ,     .

      .     , ,    ,              .

  ,    260 .   412 .,    9200 . .  ,    2200 . {493}.   -   . ,    [513] ,            -   .

   -,   , "          2000,    1945 .    1680 ".         ,  ,       ,       .      :

"  1944 .  2%  ,    ...   1944 .,           ,            ,  10%  ,       .   1945 .,             ,      19%.      46%,    - 68%,              (  )    -    "{494}.

     : 

"    ,    ,      .       ,  , ,    .       ,       ,      ".

  ,                -    .   1945 .      ,  ,   ,       1943 .,   [514] 1945 .  .   ,                          , 1944 .  40-50%      .     , ,              ,   ,  ,   1945 .      .

5.     

 ,     , ,      1944 .   1945 .           98  42%,    ,     ,     ,       .       -  .  -   ,  -    ,   .   1944 . -     ,     ,   ,     ,                  .    ,   , ,   ,      ,          .

   ,     " ".    ,    .      ,  7  1945 .,       .  ,     ,      .        ,   .     -      [515]    .           ,    ;  , ,          ,    .      ,     1904-1905 .    ,                .             .   ,      .     ,   .     ,     ,         ,        40 .             ,    .        .  ,  ,       . 

 , ,          ,      ,        .  . 20          ,       ,       ,    . 

     : -,       ,      ,  -,     - 16       .         ,             ,       "  ,  ,   "{495}. [516] 


16  1945 .    : 

"           ,           ". 

-,        ,      1 .,   250 . ,    ,       1914-1918 .

     ,                   . 

"                "{496}.

     ,          ,       .        ,             .    ,    ,     -   ,    :

"     ,      ". 

       6 : 

"  (), -  , -     ,        ,        "{497}. 

    : "    ,   ,    ".

     -      ,      ,      ,     ,     ,        .  [517]    ,    . 26  ,       ,   ,      :

"6.    ,             ,    ,   ,    ,    ,        ...

8.       ,       , , ,     ,   ...

10.           ,       ...

13.                        .      ,  "{498}. 

  ,  ,   ,      ,         -   .      .             ,    .      , [518]   ?  ,           ?             .     ,    , ,       ,      , , ,           .

  6 ,       ,       ,   -29    11     ,          .  8  15  -       .         . 

    -           .          ,  -       .   ,  " ".       13 700    . ,    24 . ,   ;   15 .   ;       3 . .      4,4 . ;     90 .    62 .     ,         ,      ,           {499}. 

       320 . ,  ,    , 78 150  , 13 983    ,   ,      .  ,     -   180 . [519] 

6           .  ,  :

"16          -    .       20 .  .       2 .      " " -    , -    ...     .    ,    . ,     ,    ,      ...      -  2 .       ,    ,   -.   "{500}. 

8     ,        .

           -     260 . . ,   40 .,   ;     1,8 . .     {502} ,        ,    .

 ,         .    , 9 ,            :

"    ,     ,     ,     ,    ,           "{502}.

10    ,           26   ,   [520]     ,       {503}.

      :

"              "   ..."{504}.

       26 ?             ?

, 14      ,        . 2 ,   6       ,         "",    ,   .    .     ,     -  .             .
 
,         ,      ,   ,   .      ,  "" ,  ,     "".

        ,      ,            {505}.

"  , -     , -     ...        .       .     ,      ...     .    [521]   .   ,     ,     ,  .      ,      ...        ;      "{506}. 

 ,  ,       . 

"  ,   ,   2  3   ,     .       -          .   , ,      ..." ,    5 .    ,  ,  "         3 .    ,      .   ,     6500 ,      ,    .    ,    6-10 . , , -,  .                  27%    6%   "{507}.

           ,  . ,   : 

"         , ,   ,   ,   ...        ,    40     ...  ,    ,   ,        .    [522]       ,     .      ,   ,    ,        ,   .          .            ,    "{508}.

   ,             ,    . 

"  ,      -29     , -   , -     "{509}. 

         {510}.   : 

"      ,      "{511}.

12           : 

"             ,   ,      31  1945 .,  ,   1  1945 .    ,       ,                   "{512}.

,        .   " " 7  : 

"   ,    .     ,        .        .  ,         [523] ,  ,         ,   . ,  ,          , ,      ,     "{513}.

          .    ,  ,      . [524] 


 .   

1.   

 1919 .,     , -       ,  ,        , ,    , ,    .     , ,     ,   ,       ,   ,          ,            .

  ,  ,      .     ,          .                 ,     ,       .

   ,           ,     .     ,       ,       ,      , ,      ,  .      ,     .   ,  ,        ,       ,      ,     ;     . ,     ,  [525]    ()     .      ,     .      ,    -   -      ,  ,  .        ,    ,      ,     . ,          ,      ,     .           1939 .,   .        ,        .    ,      ,            .   ,      ,     ,      ,          " ".  ,       ,            " "   .

"        , -       11  1939., -     ,  " ",    1914 .     ,   ,   ,      .             ,      ,      ".

  ,      ,    ,  ,  ,       ,      .    ,     .   : 

"  [526]    .       ,     ".

      ,  ,        ,    ,                   .  ,      XII .,  ,     ,    {514}.

      ,        ,        . ,     1139 . ,  ,   " ,      ",        .    ,         ,  ,      ,    ,        {515}.

         -   ,   . ,                 .

,  ,      ,                           .

      10  1942 .: 

" , ,    ,  -   [527]   ...   -    ,      "{516}.

         , ,  ,    ,  .     ,   ,             .

  ,       ,       ,          ,         ,     .   ,    -,       ,      .  (     ),    -   ,       .         ,  ,  "  ".

  ,    ,     .  :

"  ,         ,       ,        ,   ,    ;     ,     ,    ,    ...      ,     ,  -  ,    ,   . ,       "{517}.

 , , ,       ,         . [528] 

      1940 .          ,   .  .      ,     .  "  "          .            .    ,     1942 .,        . 19  1943 .        :

"   ,             , , - , .   ,  ,       ( ).    , ,   ()...        ,    ,   ...    ,  ,                  ,     ,       ( )...      ,      ,            ,        "{518}. 

,    II,  : " ,  ,  ".     ,   1940  1941 .    -    ,     1943 .    .      ,      , ,  (     ),       ,    , ,       ,    ,   [529]   , ,    . ,              ,   .          , -     .     ,       . ,   ,     ,       ,    ,       ,  .

      -?         ,          .     ,      ,      .      ,       ,      ,      .

       ,        .     1943 .: 

"                 ,            .       .         ,            ,   , ,       ,   ,         ,     "{519}.

 :  ,  ,        , ,   ,   ,         -  .      ,    - ,  ,     [530]   (,             ).  ,     ,    ,        .                    .            .

2.   

    :       .         .        ,  -     , ,    ,   ""{520}.

   ,      .  -     ,     -    {521}.    ,     .                 ,    . ,           ,       ,         ,        .

       ,     . ,   ,           ,    [531] ,   ,      ,      ,      . ,   ,    ,          ,         ,      ,     .

     1914-1918 .      .   ,                 ,   .    1925 .  ,    .         ,        ,  ,   ,  ,       ,    .      "    ,       "{522}.    ,     ;        ,       .

             ,   -  . ,   , ,   ,  "  "{523}.     1930 .,     -   "        ..." 

", -   , -      ,         ...       [532]     ,     "{524}. 

  ,  1944 .     . 

", -  , -   ...   ,     ,        .  - ,  -  ,    "{525}.

  ,             -      ,      -        .  ,      , ,      ,      -, 

"..., -  , -   ,    ,          ,     ..."{526}.

        . ,         ,    .    :

" ,      , ,        ,  ,  ,        .             .   ,        .  [533]              ,  .  ,    ,        ...               ..."{527}.

   -     -      ,       , ,      ,    .        ,          . ,          :

" ,               ,      ,           .    ,    ,   ,  ,         ,     ,          ,     .   ,  ,  ,     ,     .            ,          .             ,    ?"{528}.

       ,    . ,    ,     ,  [534]    .               .    ,      1812 . ,   ,   .              .    "   "{529}.

 XVIII  XIX .      ,       ,  .     ,     ,   ,       1832 .     ,    .      ,            ,        .   ,                  .   100       ,       .         ,     ,  ,   ,     ,       ,  ,            .

        ,     . , ,  1854 .          ---,   -        .       ,  " 1854 .      ,     ..."{530}.    1900 .,     ,  , [535]        ,      ,    ,     .         ,       ?  ,    ,    ,   -    ,  ,      -   -.

     ,    ,       " ",      III .   ,            " ".   ,  "  ",     :

",     ,       .        .   ,      ,      ,      .       ,  . ".. ,   ""  "{531}.

  " "   .    ,          - ,    ,        "" . 

,  . ,  ,  ,      1914-1918 .  800 . .     ,       -       .              ,        .  ,  " "     "      ",  ,    [536] , ,  ,     ,     .  1914-1918 .     ,      .

   , ,      ,        ,    .    ,  - ,         .     ,    ,  , .         ;  ,  ,   , ,  , ,  - ,    .      : 

"            .   :     - ,    ,       "{532}. 

 -   ,            ,        ,      . ,     .   ,    .   ,       ,     ,  ,     .      ,   .

,     ,   ,     ,   ,    ,          .       .        ,   -  .  ,  [537]    ,         100 .   .

  ,   ,   : 

"          , o ,   ,   ,   .      70 .  1 .     :  ,  "{533}.

,  ,            ?

  ,   :

" ,     ,         .      ,    ,    ,      .     ,             .

         ,      .       ,     -    -       ,  .             ,        (  ,     ),    .     ,   12    12      12  ,    ,       .   ,  ,        ,  ,  -    "{534}. [538] 

    ,  ,   .   50-100,   ,   ,         .   ,           ,       ,   ,  .

3.   

     ,       , ,          ,   .

                       . ,  1914 .,    ,     40  ,  ,  ,    ,     1870 .,      .       ,        ,       ,    ,      {535}  .

       ,             -            .  ,   1929 . . ,     , ,  " 1914-1918 . ..        ..."{536},    1942 . . ,   -  ,   : 

"        ,  [539]       , .                    ,        "{537}.

  ?  ,   ,            ,        .  , ,         ,      ,   -    .       ,  , , ,        ""; ,         .  ,      .

     ,    .    ,    ,   ,       .          ,         .     ,      ,    .        ,   ,   -   ,    . ,       ,        .    : "       ,       "{538}.

   , ,     ,   ,        ,   . [540]  ,     ,               ,  ,    ,    .           ,     100       ,      ,       .   ,           ,   , ,  ,    .     40-50     ,     .           , ,    , , ,     ,    .            .

  ,   , ,   ,     ,     .   ,     ,       -   .         .     :       ,  -.          ,       ,     .   ,    ,      ,             .  ,   ,      20 .  ,        .  ,     ,    : 

"... ,   10  ,   ,    100-250 .  ...                [541]  ,          ,  ,   .   ,   ,  ,      ,    -,      ,          ,         - ,      ,   .    ,     -    ,       , -    .   ,         "{539}.

        ?    ,      ,  ,    . , ,     : "...  ;           ,    ..." " ,       , ,   ,   ..." "10         -..." " -2    ,           ..." "     ,      B-17..."{540} "   ,          ,        "{541},  . .

  ,   .  ,    ,     ,      .    ,      ,    ,      , [542]     .  , -,                      .    "   .      ,                ,            . 

        -     .     ,         ,      ;  ,        .   .              , ,    , 

"          -      -            -   "{542}.

  ,  ,         .  ,   ,     .    , , ,        : "    ".   ,        .                 ;    .

     ,    ,        ,    ,  .    ,      , ,      [543] ,          . ,  ,  ,    ,        .

"    ?      ,   ?"

   .   ,        .  ,    ,      .    ,    : ",         ,   ".        ,         .

  ,        ,     , .         .  ,   .   ,   .

 1919 .              ,     ,       .       ,  ,   ,      .         .   ,     ,  ,     ,     . [544] 


 I.    

 ". D. L."   ,     ,          .    ,           ,         .

           ,       ,  ,        . ,     ,  ,            .    ,      .

". D. L." -     "Canal Defence Light".       ,      .    .

  ". D. L."   . -,  ,          ,  . -,  ,       . -,    ,               ,    ". D. L.",           ,       .

         3-     [545]  .    1915 .,    1917 .        ,     .    ,    1922 .    .        ,        .     ,       1933 .,    ,    -  .       1934.          1936 .       .            .     1937 .   ;    ,            ,        7  8  1940 .

 10           300   ;     .          ". D. L.",  1  1940 .        .         33   619   .   1942 .       .        ". D. L.".  6 .            8 .  .        ". D. L."  1850 .  ,     2   ". D. L."; 1-   (3 )  35-   (2 ).     2   (9-  10-),    3 .

       (6  1944.), 1-    10-          [546]    .        ,          11 ,       11 .   ,       ,     3-    ,               {543}. 6                 .

20  9-            . 13      1-  :        ,        ". D. L.". 27       10-   ,            .       35-  .     ,   , ,   ,    ". D. L."       .         ,      -    360   ". D. L."     .           ". D. L."    .            [547] ". D. L"     35-  .  ,     ". D. L."      ,     2   14   ". D. L." ,  20  1945 .        21-1  . 1  1945 .      ". D. L.",       ,       .

-,  ,     28  ". D. L."      ,           -     .

   ". D. L."       -     2 ,        ,          .     ". D. L.",   ,     ,        .

     ,  25 ,       ,      ,   ,      ,   ,  ,    " " ". D. L.",  ,  ,                 .      "  ,       . 6          , ,       ,  .




{1}  (.).

{2}     (.).

{3} ! (.).

{4},  ! (.).

{5},   (.).

{6}   ? {.)

{7}  (.).

{8} .,     1919 ., , ., 1945, . 279-281.

{9} . .,    , , ., 1924, . 26, 27.

{10} .,     1919 ., , ., 1945, . 53.


{11}Nitti F. S., Peaceless Europe, 1922, p. 114. (" , ,   ,  ,   ) (rr E. ., The Twent Years' Crisis 1919-1939, 1940, . 240).


{12}"Hansard", vol. 113, H. of C., Del... 5s, col. 84. 

     1  1939 .   : "       ,   ,       .    ,  ,   ". ("Blue Book", Cmd. 6106, 1939, . 162).


{13} . .,    , , ., 1924, . 22-23.

.   : " ,          ...     ".


{14} . .,    , , ., 1924, . 25.


{15}  Nitti F. S., Peaceless Europe, 1922, p. 92 - 93.


{16}      ,           . - . .


{17}Follick M., Facing Facts: A Political Survey for the Average Man, 1935, p. 83, 84, 109.


{18}"Blue Book", Cmd. 6106, . 36.

            , [ - Hoaxer]     .   : " ,   -          ". (   ,     1765 .                  .           . - . .)

   (    30 ): "    ,      ,   ,  ,  ".


{19} .,  , . 2, , M., 1936, . 382.


{20} ,          ,      . "     ,            .          ,  , ,        " ("Mein Kampf", Eng. Ed., 1939, . 503).


{21}"       ,      .       ,             . ,    ,            ...       .    ,        ...        ,            ,    ...     ,            ,           .               ,   ,           ,  " ("Mein Kampf", Eng. Ed., 1939, . 503 - 505, 548).


{22}"      ,   -      ,       .               " ("Mein Karnpf", Eng. Ed., 1939, . 503, 504).


{23}"   ,          " ("Mein Kampf", Eng. Ed., 1939, . 550).


{24} 12  1936 .,     ,  -     : "       1933 ... , , ,    ,     ,  -    ... ,        : " ,      ;  - ,             ?     ,   - ,      " ("Hansard", vol. 317, . of ., Deb. 5s. col. 1144)


{25}  1914 - 1918 .,  : " ,       ,     .  ,     ,       .              " ("Mein Kampf", Eng. Ed., 1939, . 502).


{26}The Times, 4th September, 1939.

 ""       , : "            .   ,     ,   ,     ,    .   ,   .   - ".


{27},      , ,        ,        : "   ... -         ,            ,       ... , -  , -  ...     -     ,     ,  -   ,     ,      " ("The Law of Nations", Eng. Ed., 1834, P. 318 - 383).

{28}  ().

{29}Earle E. M. ed., Makers of Modern Strategy, 1943, p. 276.

{30}    ,    V     ,        1541 .    ,   .

{31}  ,      ,  ,           ,       331 .  . .     1520 .          1704 .       ,        .

{32}.  "Memoirs of an Unconventional Soldier", 1936, Ch. XIII.

{33} .,   , , ., 1935, . 136.


{34} .,   , , ., . 57.

{35} , . 57 - 58.

{36}Rauschning H., Hitler Speaks, 1939, . 16.

{37}"Mein Kampf", Eng. Ed., 1939, . 537. Rauschning H., Hitler Speaks, 1939, p.16-17.

{38}Rauschning H., Hitler Speaks, 1939, . 17-20.

{39}uller A., Germany's War Machine, 1936, p. 30.

{40}Lyman . .Meade's Headquarters 1863 - 1865, 1922, . 224.

{41}Wilkesn F., The Soldier in Battle, or Life in the Ranks of the Army of the Potomac, 1898, p. 99.

{42} "Correspondance de Napoleon", vol. XXXII, p. 184

{43}         ,     707 605         479 359 -   ,         . -      ,  - -  .

",      53  67  , 21  37  , 9  14     226 .       266 . ,  70%      " ("Our Own Times 1913 - 1938", Stephen King-Hall, 1938, . 202-203).

{44}   ,     37  ,   - 35  47 . 9   ,     70  . -,  ,        ,     ,   75 ,   23     .

{45}  ,     1 .   1050 .     3 .  10 .   -  ,    1  1939 .       4,5 .   .

{46}Nugebuer . N.. The Defence of Poland, 1942, . 206

{47}Dinulescu, A Neutral View of the German-Polish War, Journal of the Royal United Institution, August, 1940, p. 403.

{48} Nugebuer . N.. The Defence of Poland, 1942, . 213.

{49}Shirer W. L., Berlin Diary, 1941, p. 171.

{50} , . 177.

{51}Strrs R., Record of the War, The First Quarter, September - November 1939, p. 343.

{52}        .

{53}Citrine W., My Finish Diary, 1940, . 118. 

{54}     .

{55}Shirer W. L., Berlin Diary, 1941, p. 250. 

 ,    ,        1939 .

{56}    14 500   .

{57}       :      ,    ,      .

{58}          ,    ,  ,       ,    ,       ,    .       ,   - .  ,       ,       .  ,      ,  ,       ,   .

{59}         .        .

{60}Graves P., A Record of the War, The Third Quarter, p. 62-63.

{61}Graves P., A Record of the War, The Third Quarter, p. 30.

{62\ , . 42.

{63}"  , -  , -   ,            ,    ,   1807  1808 .  " ("Hansard", vol. 359, . of ., Deb. 5s, col. 359).

{64}" " ,   20   : " ...     ,  ,    ".

{65} ,        ,         .   , ,  ,      ,              .      1940 .   ,      ,        .   ,    ,      -.       ,  .

{66}     .   ,  : "Us ne sont pas mechants" (  )  "   ,    " (Waterfield G., What Happened to France, 1940, p. 16).

1   ,        .       ;      . "     .      " (Shirer W. L., Berlin Diary, 1941, p. 254).

{67}      :  -     (40 )     ,  -   (26 )      -   (36 )      . -,  32    .       ; 8       .     10 ,    ,    20 .

{68}Shirer W. L., Berlin Diary, 1941, p. 345. 
      , . .341-346.

{69} , . 342.

        : ernan ., Report on France.    ,        ,     .         ,       . 2  1939 .      "": "   ?   ,  ,        ,  "  ",         ,  ,    ".

{70}Gr . G., The Luftwaffe, 1944, . 176.

{71}"Belgium: The Official Account of what Happened", 1939-1940, p. 33 - 34.


{72}"The Diary of a Staff Officer", 1941, p. 15. 

{73}Mikshe F. ., Paratroops, 1943, p. 38 - 39.

{74}     ,  , : "    ,    ,   ".         (Nikrsn H., Arms and Policy, 1939 - 1944, 1945, . 101).

{75}  "The Diary of a Staff Officer" (1941)  13 : " ,  ,   :                ...    ,   ,    ,  " (. 9). ,     .

{76}     .      ,       .   ,      ,   .           ,          ,   .      ,      .

{77}       21        .         .

{78}"The Diary of a Staff Officer", 1941, p. 10.

{79}            . 4  "Warfare Today", Odhams Press, 1944, Ch. IV.

{80}"The Diary of a Staff Officer", 1941, p. 26-27.

{81}Grt. Second Despatch, Supplement to the London Gazette, 10th October 1941, p. 5916.

{82}1-     16 , 2-  - 22 ,  3-  - 25 .

{83}           .

{84}Shulman M., Defeat in the West, 1947, . 42-43.

{85}rnan ., Report on France, p. 15.

        .

{86} , . 160.

{87}Waterfie1d G., What Happened to France, 1944, p. 6.         .

{88}ernan ., Report on France, p. 15.

{89} , . 67.

   . . 64, 65, 87  88. "        ,          .  ,     ,      " (. 246).

{90}     ,        .         .        .    : "         " (ernan ., Report on France, p. 37),   : "     " (Wtrfild G., What Happened to France, 1944, p. 19).   ,         2   ,            .

{91}"     ,   ,     ,         . ,          " ("La Guerre des Cinq Continents", La France Libre 1943, p. 39).

{92}Grt, Despatches, Supplement to the London Gazette, 10th October 1941, p. 5931.

{93}Shirer W. L Berlin Diary, 1941, . 298.

{94} .

{95} , . 278.

{96}r . ., The Luftwaffe, 1944, . 178.

{97}"The Diary of a Staff Officer", 1941, p. 9.

    ,       -   ,     . .

{98} , . 18.

{99} , . 12.

{100}"  21                " (Grt. Despatches, Supplement to the London Gazelle, 10th October 1941, p. 5914).

{101}Shirer W. L., Berlin Diary, 1941, p. 273.

{102\ , . 275.

{103} , . 318.

{104}"The Diary of a Staff Officer", 1941, p. 24. 

{105}Grt Despatches, Supplement to the London Gazette, 10th October, 1941, p. 5932 - 5933.

{106}Eon, The Battle of Flanders, 1943, p. 21.

{107}"Mein Kampf", Eng. Ed., 1939, p. 127 - 128. 

{108} , . 279.

{109}       23  1939 .  : "...  ,        ,   ...  -     " (r R. W., The Nuremberg Trial, . 59), -        ,       .         ,    .

{110} .,  , . 2, , ., 1936, . 363.

{111} ,       1940/41 .          .      .          ,       ,      ,    ,     .    ,  , ,    , ", -,  -    ",         .    1941 .,    ,            "           - ",             .  , 16  1946 .,    : "     ,     ,   .         .     ,   " ("Defeat in the West", p. 55 - 58, .  "Ciano's Diary, 1939 - 1945, Eng. Ed., 1947, p. 286).

    ,  ,          ( , . 65).      "": " ,      8 " (. 360, 559). ,  ,       ,       .

{112}The Times, 5th December 1945; 19th November 1946.   ,      , , "          1940 .,     ,    ,       .      , ,     " ",      .    "    "    (Cooper R. W., The Nuremberg Trial, p. 250).

{113}The Times, 20th July 1940.

{114} . Shulman M., Defeat in the West, 1944, p.44,46.

   : "     ,       ...    ,          " (Shulmn M., Defeat in the West, 1944, . 49, 50).

{115} ,      ,  ,       . 14       : " ,    ,  ,   ,  ,    ". 17 ,        ,     ,   ,  185 .       : "    ,      500 . " ("Secret Session Speeches", 1946, . 23). ,          ,   18   ,         .

{116}    ,  10   31    2692  ;     1733 .

{117}The Times, 5th December 1945.

{118} .

{119}" ".  , . I, , 1952, . 189.

{120}    ,             . ,  3  1939 .  15  1940 .      1 340 404 ,   - 437 663     - 736 132 .    ,  ,    .

{121}"Correspondance de Napoleon", vol. XVII,  14343.

{122}Morehead A., African Trilogy, Daily Express, 1944, . 22, 23.

    ,         "Lectures on F.S.R. III". 1932.

{123}       ,       2- .

{124}     :   .          1935 - 1936 .    " ".     " " ^   " ".

{125}"   ,         ,   .      " (rhead A., African Trilogy, Daily Express, 1944, . 72).

 ,  "    "        "  " ("Ciano's Diary", p.317-318).

{126}      ,     .     , , , ,   . . (Campbell ., Frederick the Great: His Court and Times, 1842-1843. vol. III, p. 109);    - , ,   . . (Clifford A., Three Against Rommel, 1943, . 42: hd A., African Trilogy, Daily Express, 1944, . 67).  ,   .

{127}Wavell, Despatch, Supplement to the London Gazelle, 26th June 1946, p. 3264.

{128}        :      ,     ,  ,     ,     ,         ,      .        2- .

{129}7-      -   (147   )  29 .

{130}   4,54 , - . .

{131}Wavell, Despatch, Supplement to the London Gazette, 9th July 1946, p. 3530.

{132}Wavell, Despatch, Supplement to the London Gazette, 9th July 1946, p. 3564.

{133}     ,    27  1940 .

{134}  4  : " ", " ", "  "  "   ".

{135}Wavell, Despatch, Supplement to the London Gazette, 9th July 1946, p. 3425.

{136}Morehead A., African Trilogy, Daily Express, 1944, p. 146.

{137}ikshe F. ., Paratroops, 1943, , 41. 

{138}Graves P., The Seventh Quarter, 1943, p. 41.

{139}"The Campaign in Greece and Grete", 1942, p. 32.

{140},      ,        . , , 3  : "     1940 ., , ,               ".

{141}  , ,    ,       ,  . ,   ,   12-30  ;      5     100 /.

{142}Wavll, Despatch, Supplement to the London Gazette, 2nd July 1946, p. 3437.

{143}The Times, 2nd June 1941.

{144}Clifford A., Three Against Rommel, 1943, p.

{145}Morehead A., African Trilogy, Daily Express, 1944, p. 156. 

{146}     10  1941 .    .

{147}Fredborg A., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, p. 25. 

  ,  , : 18  1940 .          "        ".     15  1941 . 3  1941 .    ,      ; 1         ,  6       - 22  (. "Defeat in the West", p. 60-61).

    14 ,     15  ("Chiano Diary", p. 343). "  1941 . ,       ". (Fredbg A., Behind the Steel Wall, p. 32). ",   , ,           ..." (Graves P., The Seventh Quarter, p. 126).   ,      ,    ,   ,    . ("Our Armoured Forces", p. 246).

{148}  (21),   18  1940 .,    .    : 

"       ,              ...                   .         .

       ,              .            - .  ,                 " (" ",  , . I, , ., 1952, . 356 - 357).

{149}    1 .     .

{150}60%     .

{151}     200 .

{152}"The Eight Quarter", p. 49.

{153}Frdbrg A., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, p. 42.

{154}FredborgA., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, p. 45. 

,    ,      ,    .        ,     .     , ,   , "             ".

{155}      ,    ,      ,       .

{156}      ,            . - . .

{157}   -     -   1200 ;       .     ,            .

{158}Morrison I., Malayan Postscript, 1942, . 45-46. 

{159} , . 51.

{160}Rsinski H., Strategy of Fear, Infantry Journal, June

{161}     10 .  ,         . - . .

{162} "United States Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War)", 1946, p. 2

{163} , . 3.

{164}    157 . .       , "     " "    ,   ,  ,  ,  ".

{165}ing . J., Our Navy at War, The Untied Stales News, p. 7.

{166}Rsinski H., Strategy of Fear, Infantry Journal, June 1946, p. 27.

{167}L ., Battle for Bataan, Infantry Journal, April 1943, p. 22 - 23.

{168}Morrison I., Malayan Postscript, 1942, . 93 - 94. 

{169}"     250   , -  , -     ,        -.    ""         ".

{170}       ,          ,    .

{171}Morrison I., Malayan Postscript, 1942, . 16.

{172}Daily Express, 12th December 1941.

{173}rrisn I., Malayan Postscript, 1942, p. 59 - 60.    -      .

{174}  ""  4  1941 .  : " ,     ,      .    ,           ...            ".         ? ,        ?    ,      : "    ,        ".          .

{175}The Times, 8th December 1941.

{176}     ;        125 .  (rrisn I., Malayan Postscript, 1942, . 147).

{177}   -   12 .    ,                800.

{178} (.) -     . - . .

{179}  Morrison I., Malayan Postscript, 1942, . 181. 

{180}           . - . .

{181}  -        , -  ,    ,    1926 .,       -     .

{182}      3   2-3 . .             - . ,          -,         .   -     ,      -,        .    .

{183}          . .

{184}  1937 .      ,  ,  "          ,        .   ,      ,  .  ,  ,     ,   ,         .   : , ,   , ,   -    ,       ,    .     ,       ,   .            1914 - 1918 .". ("Towards Armageddow", p. 196).

{185} "Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1st July 1941 - 30th June 1943", p. 11.

        .

{186}     ,    : "4  ,     2...", "6    ,      ...", "16     ,    8 ...".

{187}      ,      .

{188}     ,      .

{189}  .  5 .                 .

{190}Auchinleck, Despatches, Supplement to the London Gazette, 20th August 1946, p. 4221.

{191}         ,      .        ,   31   437 .       .

{192}Stitt G., The Mediterranean and Sea Power, The New English Review, August 1946, p. 144.

{193}             -  ,        18 .      ,           .

{194}   "Three Against Rommel"   "   3 : 1   ".

{195}rtl G., Our Armoured Forces. 1945, . 124.

{196}liffrd A., Three Against Rommel, p. 127.

{197}Smith A. F., The War in the Middle East, Journal of the United Service Institution, February 1943, p. 11. 

     .

{198}Morehead A., A Year of Battle, 1943, . 61.

{199}artel G., Our Armoured Forces, 1945, . 134.

{201}Morehead A., A Year of Battle, 1943, . 65. 

{202} , . 67-68.

{203} , . 68.
{204}Stitt G., The Mediterranen and Sea Power, The New Englich Review, August 1946, p. 144.

{205}liffrd A., Three Agalnst Rommel, p. 226.

{206}Drummond P. R. ., The Air Campaign in Libya and Tripolitania, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1943, p. 260.

{207}Fuller J. F. C., Generalship, its Diseases and their Cure, 1933, p. 25.

{208}"       ,   .     ,     ,     " (Gurgaud, Sainte-Helene, Journal inedil, vol. 2, 1899, . 460).

{209}"Correspondance de Napoleon",  15144, vol. 18, p. 525.

{210}Cliffrd A., Three Against Rommel, p. 162-163.

{211}      . 8          .       ,    , "        1942 .           ,                  .   ,       ,            ,    ...   , , ,       ,     ,     ,     .      " ",  ,   ,   " ("The Observer", London, 8 June 1947).           22  (. 459).   12  ,      "      ". 21  (. 483)  : "  , ,      40 .  ,      (  )   ".

{212} " (  )      ,        .      :    -        .            ,        " (Clifford A., Three Against Rommel, . 237).

{213}Martell ., Our Armoured Forces, 1945, . 174.

{214}2      ,  13  230    ,   .   .     ,   13       170 ,       ,   ,             .

{215}Morehead A., A Year of Battle, 1943, . 206.

{216}Graves P., The Eleventh Quarter, p. 103. 

{217}Clifford A., Three Against Rommel, p. 225.

{218}Fredborg A., Behind the Steel Wall, p. 60 - 61. 

{219}       -  .  ,      .

{220}"The Tenth Quarter", p. 63.

{221}Frdbrg A., Behind the Steel Wall, p. 68.

{222} ,    ,          .        ,       ,   ,   "  ",         . "  " 9  , ,    

"  ...      ,    ,  ,  ,    ,     " (FredborgA., Behind the Steel Wall, p. 120).

{223}   ,    ,    . 15    "c" :

"  ,      : " "  " ".  "        ,      ...  ,  ,   ...,    ,            .                -   ,  ,                     ,  " (The Times, 16th April 1942).

  ,   ,     - . "    ,     " ("Ciano's Diary", . 462).

{224}Allen W. E. D., Muratff P., The Russian Campaigns of 1941-1943, 1944, p.72.

{225}    225    43  -.   300   .       50   .

{226}"The Twelfth Quarter"; Watterville, Warfare Today, Odhams Press, 1944, p.112-113.

{227}  40    16-18  ,   15-20 ,     ("The Russian Campaigns of 1941-1943", 1944, . 80).

{228} "The Russian Campaigns of 1941-1943", 1944, . 81. 

{229}FredborgA., Behind the Steel Wall, p. 120.

{230} : "  ,        ...  .        " (Fredborg A., Behind the Steel Wall, p. 125).     ,        : "    .   .      .       ,              .       ,   .         " (Sunday Dispatch, 15th September 1946).

{231} : "4-         ,           .   ,     ,     " (Sunday Dispatch, 15th September 1946).

{232}11       .       5   ,  30   .

{233}Waliszewski K., Peter the Great, 1898, .326 ( ..."   ,   ", . I. . 1760, . 45. - . .

{234}Shea G. ., Lessons of Guadalcanal, Infantry Journal, July 1943.

{235}King E. J., Our Navy at War, The United States News, p. 36.

{236}rodie ., The Naval Strategy of the Pacific War, Infantry Journal. August 1945, p.37.

{237} .

{238}  ,  -     ,  250   ,    ,       700 .          90      .       88 .

{239}Courtenay W., The War in the Pacific, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, February 1945, p.16.

{240} "Report of the Commanding General of the Army Air Force to the Secretary of War", 4th January 1944, p.36-37.

"      ,          ,    .         ("Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1941 - 30th June 1943,  the Secretary of War", p.32).

{241}17         .

{242}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1940 - 30th June 1943, to the Secretary of War", p.12.

{243}"Report of 4th January 1944", p.37-38.

{244} ,     , : "   .   .        .       ,           (    ),          .    ,           " (The Tunes, 3rd November 1943).

{245} - . ,        .

{246}"The Eighteenth Quarter", p. 117.

{247}Journal of the Royal United Institution, February 1945 p.17.

{248} "Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945, to the Secretary of War", p.70.

{249}\Journal of the Royal United Institution, February 1945, p.18.

{250}Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, February 1945, p.19.

{251} "", "see bee" (.) -  " ".

{252}     " -        .           ,                 " ("Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p.69).

{253}"Biennial Report of the Chief ot Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p.69.

{254}   19  20             848  ,  30    51 .   151 ,    98 .    3  " (    26 ).

{255} 1867 .           7200 . .     2,5   .

{256}    . - . .

{257} "Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1941 - 30th June 1943", p.23.

{258}Montgomery . L., Despatches, Supplement to the london Gazette, 17th September 1946, p.4670.

{259}SEAC - South-East Asia Command. - . .

{260}     - ,    -    .

{261}      ,   ,        -.

{262}Baldwin J., Air Aspects of the Operations in Burma Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, May 1945, p.198.

{263} ,      ,        .       150  .   , ,      .

{264}The Times, 29th February 1944; "Campaign in Burma", . His Majesty's Stationary Office, Ch. 9, 1946.

{265}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p.58.

{266} , . 58.

{267}Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, May 1945, p.201.

{268}Air transport on the Burma Front", "Aquilla", Journal of the United Service Institution, May 1945, p.205.

{269}"Air Transport on the Burma Front","Aquilla", Journal of the United Service Institution, May 1945, p.206.

{270}"United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War)", 1946, p.8.

{271} "     " ("Correspondance de Napoleon", vol. 1, . 664; vol. XXIX,  107).

{272} "   ,  ,        ,     ,          " ("Correspondance de Napoleon", vol. 1,  420). 

25  1798 .    : "Il faut que toute la marine que est situee dans 1'enceinte de 1'armee d'angleterre soit ab-solument entre les mains du general qui commande 1'armee, comme les autres armes" ("Correspondance de Napoleon", vol. Ill,  2421). (",   ,    ,         ,  ".)

{273}Gort. Despatches, 1941, . 5914.  : " 21                      ".

{274}, ,     .           1937 .     ,      - ,     -  .     11  1925 .          : "        -     ..     ,         ".

{275}"Hansard", vol. 357, H. of C. Deb. 5s., col. 924.

{276}"The War in the Air", Appendices, Appendix IV, 1937, p.19.

{277}    3  1944 .  .  : "- ,             ( ),      ,          . -    ,    " (Butcher H. ., Three Years with Elsenhower, Eng. Ed., 1946, p. 427).

{278}Spaight J. M., Bombing Vindicated, 1944, p. 68, 74.    ,        .

{279}"Wenn die britische Luftwaffe 2 oder 3 oder 4000 Kilogramm Boinben wirft, dann werfen wir jetzt in einer Nacht 150 000, 180 000, 230 000, 300 000, 400 000 und mehr Kilo! Und wenn sie erklaren, sie werden unsere Stadte in grossem Masstabe angreifen - wir werden ihre Stadte ausradieren!" ("    2, 3  4 .  ,       150, 180, 230, 300  400 .    !    ,         ,        !").

{280}            -    -       ,    , , , , , , , ,   .

{281} 30  1945 .   .       ,    .

{282} 228   62    138 .    ,     .

{283}    , , 8  1945 .

{284} ,       .

{285}"Hansard". H. of . Deb., vol. 380, 5s.. col. 553.

{286}  ,    .          .  ,   ,   .   ,     ,     ,     .

{287}"", 25  1943 .

{288}"", 28  1943 .

{289}       .  : "    (),           ,    ,       ".

{290}"Hansard", H. of . Deb., 5s, vol. 397, col. 1602. 

        .      ,     ,   ,        ,       ,            .  ,           ( ),    ,      .         ,      ,     ,        .  , ,          (   )    .

 ,          ,         ". ,   , "       " ( .,  , ., 1947, . 95)     35  40%            .

{291}, 2  1943 .

{292}Butcher . ., Three Years with Elsenhower, 1946, . 9.

{293}   ,   , " - (),     " ( , . 18).       ""   ,      1915 . ,        ,   , ,        .   ,                 ,      .  ,        .

{294} Butcher . ., Three Years with Elsenhower, 1946,, . 45, 63.

{295}    .    230 ,    - 390,   140   "" (Martell G. Q., Our Armoured Forces, 1945, . 198).

{296}ntgmr . L., El Alamein to the River Sangro, 1946, p.10.

{297}Clifford A., Three Against Rommel, 1943, p.306.

{298}     "Three Years with Eisenhower" : " ,          -        ,    .   300   ""  75-      ", . 131).

{299}Morehead A., The End of Africa, 1943, .102.

{300}Butcher H. ., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, p.248.

{301\Morehead A., The End of Africa, 1943, p.103.

{302}Clifford A., Three Against Rommel, 1943, p. 359.

{303} ""  ""     ,      75 .  ""  ""   ,       78  90 .

{304}artel ., Our Armoured Forces, 1946, . 216. 

{305} .

{306}liffrd A., Three Against Rommel, 1943, p. 319.

{307} , . 322.

{308}De Guingand, Operation Victory. 1947, p. 209, 210.

{309}Morehead A., The End of Africa, 1943, p. 104.

{310}MoreheadA., A Year of Battle, 1943, p. 237.

{311} , . 244.

{312}Clifford A.. Three Against Rommel, 1943, p. 318.

{313}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1941 - 30th June 1943", p.15.

{314}Fredborg A., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, p. 149.

{315}  350    500 .

{316}Fredborg A., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, . 145.   ,     9    -  "     ",  4  ,      "      " ("Ciano's Dairy", p. 508, 519).

{317}   ,           ,  4  1940 .             .  ,   : " ,     ,    ..." (Butcher H. ., Three Years with Elsenhower, 1946, . 151). ,    ,       .    ,  ,           .    24  1942 .,    26   .

{318}D e Guingand, Operation Victory, 1947, . 256-257.

{319\De Guingand, Operation Victory, 1947, p. 262.        ,            .   : "                -...   , ,    ,      ,     ,    .    ,      ...   , -,  ,         ,      ,           -   ...  ,         8      ; ,   , ..." ( , . 264).

{320} "Report of the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces", 4th January 1944, p. 43 - 44.

{321}Morehead A., The End of Africa, 1943, . 201.

{322}1iffrd A., Three Against Rommel, 1943. p. 411.

{323} ,    -  - ,  -  - ,  -  - ,  -  -       -  -                .

{324}Fdbg A., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, . 154.

{325} .

{326}Fredborg A., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, . 175. 

{327} , . 176.

{328}    : "   1943 .     ,          ,   ". : "    die Partei. ().      . "Es geht alles voruber, es geht alles vorbei" ( ,   "), -     ,     ,       : "Zuerst fallt der Furher and dann die Partei" (  ,  - ) (Fredbrg A., Behind the Steel War, 1944, p.209,229).

{329}"  ()    " "    .    ,      - . ,      -,    ,     ,       .              .    ,             .      ,  ,     .   ,          , ,     ". (Butcher . ., Three Year's with Eisenhower, 1946, . 443).

{330}  1943 .   : "       .    ,               .          .       :      ,      ,  ; -   -     .  , ,  1918 .,  ,          .   ,         .      ,      .        , ,             .            ,   .  ,      .    ,   ?         ,   .     ,       .           . "  " -     .    ,    . ,   , ,         ,   " (Fredborg A., Behind the Steel Wall, 1944, p. 239).

{331}uthr . ., Three Years with Elsenhower, 1946, . 197-198.

{332} , . 317. 

{333} , . 269.

{334}Butcher . ., Three Years with Elsenhower, 1946, . 267-268.

{335}D'Albi J. ., Air Aspects of the Campaigns in Italy and the Balkans, Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, August 1945. p. 325.

{336}Buckley ., Road to Rome, 1945, . 13.      " ".

{337}Butcher . ., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, . 278.

{338} "Report of Commanding General of the Army Air Forces to the Secretary of War", 4th January 1944, p. 46.

{339}uther H. C., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, p. 279.

{340}Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, August 1945, p. 326.

{341}uther H. C., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, p. 257.

"-    (. -  .)     (, 27 )  ,                 .  (-   ,   ) ,  -     ,         " ( , . 265).

{342}Buckley ., Road to Rome, 1945, . 143. 

{343}Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, 1945, p. 328.

{344}    :   167 . ,   ,    37 ., ,   - 31 138 ,     ;  ,        85 . .

{345}uthr . ., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, . 316.

{346} .

{347}" ... ,    , ,   ,    " ".   .     ,    ,     ,   " ( , . 332, 333).

{348}Buckley ., Road to Rome, 1945, . 107. 

{349} , . 108.

{350} , . 127.

{351}Butcher H.C., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, . 362.

{352}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945".

  6  1943 .,   : "...,       ,      ,    :    .       , ,  ,        ,           " (Butcher . ., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, . 348).

{353}Forehead A., Eclipse, 1945, . 22.

{354}Buckley ., Road to Rome, 1945, . 158. 

{355} ,   ,          .

{356}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p. 18.

{357} , . 19.

{358}"General H. Maitland Wilson's Report to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Italian Campaign, 8th January 1944 - 10th May 1944", p. 1.

{359} , . 1 - 2.

{360}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p. 19.

{361}Buckley .. Road to Rome, 1945, . 300. 

{362} "General H. Maitland Wilson's Report to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Italian Campaign, 8th January 1944 - 10th May 1944". p. 37.

{363}"Daily Mail", 16th March 1944.

{364}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945, p. 22.

{365}"General H. Maitland Wilson's Report to the Combined Chief of Staff on the Italian Campaign, 8th January 1944 - 10th May 1944", p. 39.

{366}Festung Europa (.) -  .

{367}artel G., Our Armoured Forces, 1945, . 270.

{368}    .     ,    ,         .    3    - 7-, 8-  12-;    25-   ,  " "    1-   .   16-  24-    ,         .

{369}    9   : "  ,     ,    ,     ".      -   9   : "  ,     , ,         1940 .".

{370}  19-30  1943 ..    22-26 ;   28  - 1      4 - 6 . 12  1943 .     - .    ""     : "                          ,        " ("", 13  1943 .). 

{371}   (.).

{372}   .      -  .

{373}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 6th June 1944 - 18th May 1945", p. 9.

   3-    .              .

{374}MontgomeryB.L., Despatch, Supplement to the London Gazette. 3rd September 1946.

{375}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 35.       ,  ,        (Shulman M., Defeat in the West, 1947, . 96, 98).

{376} , . 8.

{377}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p. 27.

 3-      "Operation Neptune"  : "      ".     (.  .,  , M., 1947, 47, 69, 92).

{378}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p. 27, 30.   ,   ,        3  "  " 2            10.   23  -               ("Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 15, 16).

{379}Saundb R., Air Attack on Communications, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1945, p. 478.

{380}"       ...             .           ,             .      ..." ("Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 27).

{381}Edwards K., Operation Neptune, 1946, p. 89.

{382}          160 .

{383}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 30.   7-     : "    30 -,     5 .   .         " (ontgomery. Despatches, . 4438).     "  ,      , ,        ,  ,    ,          ,  -   ..." ( , . 4435).  ,  11  1920 .   -      "            ",     -.

{384}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 36.

{385}Morehead A., Eclipse, 1945, . 112.

{385}"Strategic Bombing in Europe". ,           30  1945 . (Journal of Ihe Royal United Service Institution, August 1945, p. 369).

  ,        7 , "             6 . " ("Normandy to the Baltic", p. 73).       (De Guingand F., Operation Victory, p. 401).      "Strategic Bombing in Europe"  ,  "       30 .   -..." (. 369).

{386}Morehead A., Eclipse, 1945, . 112.

{387}D'Ary-Dawsn J., European Victory, 1946, . 87-88.   ,   : "    ,      ,    " (De Guingand F., Operation Victory, p. 396).

{388}"Report of the Supreme Commander", p. 45.

{389}  ""    .       ,    .

{390} D'Ary-Dawsn J.,  European Victory, 1946, p. 98, 99. 

{391}Montgomery B. L., Twenty-First (British) Army Group in the Campaign in North-West Europe, 1944-1945", Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1945, p. 450.

{392}Melville A., First Tide, 1946, . 101. 

 : "   1100    , 600   8-     400   9-   " ("Normandy to the Baltic", p. 81). 

{393} "Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 45-46.

{394}D'Arcy-Dawson J., European Victory, 1946, p. 113.

{395}"Second Report", 27th February 1945, p. 11 - 14. 

{395}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 47, 48.

{396}"Second Report", 27th February 1945, p. 14.

{397}"Report by the Surpeme Commander", p. 50.

{398} .

{399}Morehead A., Eclipse, 1945, . 125.

{400}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 47.

{401}Mlville A., First Tide, 1946, . 127-130.

{402}D'Ary-Dawsn J., European Victory, 1946, . 136, 137. 

{403}. : "   ".

{404}"The Nineteenth Quarter", p. 136.

{405}"The Twentieth Quarter", p. 135.

{406}Butcher H. C., Three Years with Elsenhower, 1946, p. 405.

{407}uthr . ., Three Years with Eisenhower, 1946, . 427, 450.

{408} "Report of the Secretary of War", 4th January 1944, p. 47.

{409}"The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Over-all Report (European War)", 30th September 1945, p. 63, 64.

{410}   1938 . 7500 .  .  1943 . 6180 .      2 .      .

{411}       : "        ,   12 " ("The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Overall Report (European War)", 30th September 1945, p. 41).

{412}"The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Over-all Report (European War)", 30th September 1945, p. 44.

{413} , . 45.

{414}   ,       , 83%     1  1944 .    ,   , 72%     1  1944 .

{415}Vergeltungswaffe Ein (.) -    1.

{416}  ,    ,    "  ",    "Radio Times" 6  1928 .

{417}"The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Over-all Report (European War)", 30th September 1945, p. 88.

{418}General Wilson's Report", August 1944, . 18.

{419}"General Wilson's Report", August 1944, p. 22. 

{420} , . 23. 

{421} , . 24.

{422}   ,        -20, -24 ("")    -47 ("General Arnold's Report", 27th February 1945, p.47.)

{423}"General Wilson's Report", August 1944, p. 24.

{424}MoreheadA., Eclipse, 1945, . 71.

{425}", 18  1944 .

{426}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 53.

{427}lvill A., First Tide, 1946, . 124.

{428}Montgomery B. L., Twenty-First (British) Army Group in the Campaign in North-West Europe, 1944-1945, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1945, p. 450.

{429}'rcy-Dawsn J., European Victory, 1946, p. 135. ,     ,       1918 .

{430}"General Arnold's Report", 27th February 1945, p. 14, 28.

{431}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 59-60. 

{432}      . "Air-Ground Teamwork on the Western Front", published by Headquarters, Army Air Force, Washington, D.C.

{433}"General Arnold's Second Report", 27th February 1945, p. 30. 

     ,          ( ),       ,           .

{434}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 64.

{435}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 54.

        . ,    ,   6-     ,  4-     -,      "         , -       ,  .  ,     ,    " ( .,  , ., 1947, . 249).

{436} , . 60.

    -    : "      9   3           13 .  ",     -  30 .  (Fourth Supplement to the London Gazette, 31st December 1946).

{437}Ravenhill R. ., The Influence of Logistics on Operations North-West Europe, 1944-1945, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1946, p. 499.

{438},     ,    .

{439}"General Arnold's Second Report", 27th February 1945, p. 30.

{440}Martel G., Our Armoured Forces, 1945. p. 325.

{441}  ,     ,   -1  -3   ,   ,     . 

{442}"General Arnold's Second Report", 27th February 1945, . 30.

{443}Morehead A., Eclipse, p. 170.

{444}epco .,  , ., 1947, 286-287.

{445}Montgomery . L., Normandy to the Baltic, 1947, p. 119 - 120; Montgomery . L., Twenty-First (British) Army Group in the Campaign in North-West Europe, 1944-1945, Journal of Ihe Royal Untied Service Institution, November, 1945, p. 437.

  ,    ,   .  : "...        ,        .          ,   ""?..          ;     ,        ,   ,  ?" (De Guingand F., Operation Victory, p. 413).       .

{446}6-      7-    1-  .   -  . .

{447}ontgomery . L., Normandy to the Baltic, 1947, p. 121.

{448} .,  , ., 1947, . 294

{449}ntgmr . L., Normandy to the Baltic, 1947, p. 122

{450} 17  30      20 190 ,    13781   905      ,    .      34876  ,  , 5250  , 1927   568  ("Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 84).

{451}rwning F. A., Airborne Forces, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1944, p. 356.

{452}"     ,      , -  - ,      . -      ,        .  ,      ,    ,    . ,        -". ("Defeat in the West", p.226).

{453}     "        .       " (   -     "  ", 22  1946  )        ,    .     .

{454}, ,              .                   .

{455}         101- -     .    .       ,     : "!"      . rshall S. L. A. and others, Bastogne, 1946.

{456}"General Arnold's Second Report", 27th February 1945, p. 36.

{457}Sandby R., Air Attack on Communications, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1945, p. 481.

{458}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 107.

{459}"Despatch", Supplement to the London Gazette, 3rd September 1946, p. 4446.

{460}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 117.

{461}1  = 0,9144 

{462}1  = 0,514 /

{463}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 131. 

      : "            " (. 84). ",    ,  ...        ... ,     ;  ,   , -    " (. 417). "...     ,     .        ,   ,     ,        " (. 293). "          ,    , -    .    " (.463).

  ,              ,  .     ,        "    ,     ,     ,          " (. 422).   : "     ,               , -    ...  ,          ,        .                  ... ,        ,        " ..."  .

     ,   ,  ,  ,     ,          ,      ,         ... ,  ,     ,  .      " (. 424). "  , -, ,  ,     :     ,         ,         ,    ,        ,       ,   ,          .   : , -              " (. 425).

, -,   ,          ,     ,                .     e,  ,    ,     ,  ,       .

{464} "Report b the Supreme Commander", .131.

{465}"Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 137.

{466} "Report by the Supreme Commander", p. 138.

{467}Mountbatten, The Strategy of the South-East Asia Campaign, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1946, p. 479.

{468}Mountbatten, The Strategy of the South-East Asia Campaign, Journal of ihe Royal United Service Institution, November 1946, p. 481.

{469}Owen F., The Campaign in Burma, 1946, p. 122.

{470}wen F., The Campaign in Burma, 1946, . 124.

{471} "The Twenty Third Quarter", p. 276.

{472}"Journal of the Royal United Service Institution", November 1946, p. 472-473.

{473}Spruan R. A., The Victory in the Pacific, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Nowember 1946, p. 551.

{474}     ,   3-,         5- .

{475}anes . ., The Battle for Leyte Gulf, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1945, p. 495.

    .   ,     .      "".     ,           .

{476}anes . ., The Battle for the Leyte Gulf, Journal of the Royal United Service Instiluiion, November 1945, p. 497.

{477}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th July, 1945", p. 78.

{478}ing E., Second Official Report, 1st March 1944 - 1st March 1945, . 26.

{479}"General H. H. Arnold's Third Report", 12th November 1945, p. 56.

{480}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p. 80.

{481}Journal of the Royal Untied Service Institution, November 1946, p. 553.

{482}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p. 82.

{483} , . 83.

{484}      . , 2     -       -  " "  23 .         . 392     264  .

{485}   . 10 : "           9 . ,    "",    5 .        ".

{486}"Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1st July 1943 - 30th June 1945", p. 83.

{487}Guerre de course -  ( ),   ,        .         . - . .

{488}         ,       .

{489}Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, November 1946, p. 542.

{490}"The Twenty-Third Quarter", p. 302.

{491}"Third Report", 12th November 1945, p 37, 40.

{492}"General Arnold's Second Report", 27th February 1945, p. 70.

{493} "General Arnold's Third Report", 12th November 1945, p. 40. 

-,     ,    .  ,  1  1946 .,     ,      806 . ,    330 . . " , ,       ,       780 . ".   ,      2510 .   615 .     ,     .

{494}  ,  ,         ,   .

{495}", 28  1947 .

{496}"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey Report on Atomic Bombing in Japan", 23rd July 1946, p. 43.

{497}"International Conciliation", December 1945, p. 416, 762

{498}"", 27  1945 .       ,  2  1945 .       . .        ,      , "     .      ". "  ,         ...". "  , -  , - ,  ,   ,         ;       " (Stimsn H L., The Decision to Use the Atormic Bomb, Harper's Magazine, February 1947).

      .

{499}"The Effects of the Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki", Report of the British Mission to Japan, 1946, p 5.

{500}"International Conciliation",  416, . 760, 761.

{501}   ,     -  ,        .    94,   ,   , - 92.

{502}"", 10  1945 

{503}"       ", , 1947, . 3, . 378.

{504} .

{505}U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Atomic Bombing)", p. 17; "British Mission Report", p. 12.

{506}Siemens J. A., Eyewitness Account, U. S. Manhattan Engineer District Report on Atomic Bombings of Japan, 26th July 1946, p. 20 - 21.

{507}"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Atomic Bombing)", p. 20, 21; "British Mission Report", p. 14 - 17.

{508}"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Atomic Bombing)", p. 20 - 21; "British Mission Report", p. 26 - 27.

{509}"General Arnold's Third Report", 12th November 1945, p. 33.

{510}"Report on Bombing Japan", 7th October 1945, p. 1, 2.

{511}"The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order", 1946, p. 92.

{512}"The United States Strategical Bombing Survey (Pacific War)", p.26.

{513}"", 8  1945 .

{514}Nilsn P., The Tragedy of Europe: A Diary of the Second World War, vol. 1, 1940, p. 120 - 121.

{515}   . 18      "   ", 1632.

{516}"", 11  1942 .

{517} .,  , , 1936, . 2, . 381.

{518}"", 20  1943 .

{519}Morrison I, This War Against Japan, 1943, p. 99.

{520}Cadocracy -   , . - . .

{521}Lk W. . ., History of European Morals, vol. II, 1902, p. 260.

{522}"Hearings of the President's Aircraft Board (Morrow Board)", vol. I, 1925, p. 547-548.

{523} , . 1231.

{524}Spaight J. M., Air Power and the Cities, 1930, p. 207,215.

{525}Spaight J. M., Bombing Vindicated, 1944, p. 7.

{526}Ht L. . H., The Revolution in Warfare, 1946, p. 70.   : "           1940 .,      ,             .  ,    ,     .         ,    ,       " (. 72).

{527}Hart L. . H., The Revolution in Warfare, 1946, p.70.

{528}Hrris A.. Bomber Offensive, 1947, .177.

{529}Nier W. . ., History of the War in the Peninsula, vol. IV, 1892, p. 122.

{530}Spaight J. M., Air Power and the Cities, 1930, p. 92.

{531}rawdin M., The Mongol Empire, Eng. Ed., 1940, p. 194.

{532}Henry P., Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington, 1831-1851, 5th Earl Stanhope, 1889, p. 69.

{533}rawdin M., The Mongol Empire, Eng. Ed., 1940, p. 191.

{534}Woodward E. L., Some Political Consequences of the Atomic Bomb, 1945, p. 7-8.

{535}   .

{536}Shotwell J. T. War as an Instrument of National Policy, 1929, . 34.

{537}"", 9  1942 .

{538}"The Histories of Polybius, Shuckburgh's trans., 1889, vol. I,

{539}Me Cloy J. J., Security in the Atomic Age, Infantry Journal, January 1947, p 10.

{540}BrodieB., ed, The Absolute Weapon Atomic Power And Wirld Order, 1946, p 15, 31, 42, 73.

{541}"Some Political Consequences of the Atomic Bomb", p. 9.

{542}rdie ., ed., The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order, 1946, p. 165.

{543}    .     272-, 346-  711-   ,           .     346-      : ",       , ,         .    .        ,     (21-  )     .     ,   ,             .            ".
